Vegetable oil has significant potential as a base oil, and substitute for mineral oil in grease formulation due to its biodegradability, low toxicity and excellent lubrication. This paper studied the development of vegetable oil-based greases with α-Zr(HPO4)2·H2O (α-ZrP) as an additive, exploring base oil influence in tribological behavior. The results demonstrated that the addition of α-ZrP in vegetable-based greases is beneficial to anti-wear property. α-ZrP particles exhibit good performance in anti-wear, friction-reduction and load-carrying capacity, and its tribological performances are better than the normally used molybdenum disulfide and graphite additives. Owing to its superior tribological properties as a vegetable oil-based grease additive, α-ZrP holds great potential for use in environmentally friendly applications in the future.Keywords:anti-wear additive;α-Zr(HPO4)·H2O;vegetable oil;anhydrous calcium grease
To optimize the proton transport performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), a proton exchange membrane (PEM) material, carbon nanotube (CNT), and zirconium hydrogen phosphate (ZrP) have been blended into the PVdF matrix. Adopting a hydrothermal synthesis route, the acidic ZrP can be better conjugated with the positively charged CNT functionalized by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). As visualized using electroscopes, ZrP nanocrystallines are intimately dotted and homogeneously distributed on CNT. The ZrP–PVdF interaction can be attributed to hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl and F-terminal groups. By incorporating well CNT/ZrP into PVdF via solution casting, the pore architecture can be regulated; namely, the macro-voids in PVdF are greatly reduced. The composite membranes exhibit tensile stress of 48–52 MPa while sustaining the thermal stability of PVdF. The incorporated CNT/ZrP can suppress void porosity and enhance film hydrophilicity. With improved wettability, the methanol permeability can be reduced to less than 2 × 10 −9 cm 2 ∙s −1 , ca. one-sixth that of pure PVdF. The proton conductivity for PVdF-CNT 0.03 -ZrP 0.06 , with CNT and ZrP mass content respectively 3 and 6 wt% that of PVdF, attains 0.089 S·cm −1 at 100°C, showing upgraded conducting capability. The membrane selectivity can be remarkably enhanced, verifying that CNT/ZrP blending is a facile and profitable approach for PEM optimization.
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