Meina Xiao,Jingxing Jiang,Tongtong Zhang,Anli Xu,Zhuofeng Ke,Liangzhi Hong
The hybrid copolymerization of vinyl monomers with cyclic esters endows the formed copolymers new features, such as biodegradability and functionality. However, the recently reported hybrid copolymerizations are mainly based on polar vinyl monomers and cyclic esters catalyzed by organocatalysts. The copolymerization of non-polar vinyl monomers with cyclic esters is still a challenge. In this work, the copolymerization of β-butyrolactone (β-BL) with styrene catalyzed by B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 in the absence of coinitiators is reported. The density functional theory studies suggest the formation of zwitterion between β-BL and B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 . It is found that β-BL and styrene are concurrently copolymerized through the macro-zwitterion intermediates. The obtained copolymers are carefully examined by 1 H NMR, 2D 1 H- 13 C HMBC, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, hydrolysis experiments, as well as Brady's reagents.
An innovative binary biol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES), specifically ethylamine hydrochloride-ethylene glycol (EaCl-EG), was developed for efficient pretreatment of eucalyptus biomass. This DES exhibited superior performance in achieving high delignification (85.0%) and xylan removal (80.0%), while preserving a significant amount of cellulose (94.5%) compared to choline chloride-based DES. Notably, the pretreated eucalyptus residues showed a remarkable glucose yield of over 92.5%, representing a substantial enhancement of up to 15 times compared to untreated eucalyptus. Furthermore, the pretreated liquor yielded high-purity lignin with a yield of 97.8%, characterized by well-preserved β-O-4 structure and nanoscale dimensions. These lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were subsequently self-assembled into lignin nanobottles (LNBs), adding further value to the pretreatment process. The proposed novel binary EaCl-EG DES presented great potential as an efficient pretreatment solvent for future biomass fractionation processes.
Tao Yang,Wenzhi Li,Mingxue Su,Yang Liu,Minghou Liu
A novel carbon-based solid acid catalyst (SC-GCa-800) was prepared by the carbonization of calcium gluconate at high-temperature followed by sulfonation with 4-diazoniobenzenesulfonate at room temperature. The catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XPS, TEM, SEM, TGA, N2 adsorption–desorption and elemental analysis to reveal its physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, the effects of reaction temperature, retention time, substrate concentration, catalyst loading and solvent types were investigated. It was demonstrated that SC-GCa-800 is an efficient solid acid catalyst for furfural production obtained from xylose in 1,4-dioxane. A 76.9% furfural yield can be achieved from 100 mg xylose at 140 °C in 40 min by using a 50 mg catalyst. The catalyst showed high stability and could be recycled five times without a significant loss of catalytic activity. The results indicated that the high catalytic activity of SC-GCa-800 was dependent on its high acidity, BET surface and pore structure. More importantly, the furfural can be obtained at low temperature (100–140 °C) and separated easily from the solvent due to the low boiling point of 1,4-dioxane.
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