Most of tumor vaccines currently focus on inducing adaptive immunity, while the antitumor potential of innate immunity is getting more attentions. In an attempt to recruit both innate and adaptive immunity, bisphosphonates (BPs) as a type of orthopaedics drugs with biosafety was applied in an antitumor vaccine here as an innate immune regulator. BPs and calcium themselves shaped the biodegradable nanocarrier via their coordination (CaBPs), which could load peptide antigens due to its hydrophilicity and be stabilized by surface lipids including a TLR4 agonist (nanovaccine). As results, the incorporation of BPs triggered the proliferation and activation of DCs and innate-like γδT cells, while the nanovaccine enhanced antigen presentation and specific lysis of tumor cells. The combination of nanovaccine and anti-PD-1 achieved a 50% total disappearance of tumor. In a prophylactic study, no any tumor occurred in nanovaccine group during a 110 day study with 3 time tumor challenges. Generally, this study validates the double antitumor immunities and provides a very promising approach for clinic application.
Background Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory disease with uncertain aetiology. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and γδT cells are unconventional, innate-like T cells with immunoregulatory capacity. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of MAIT and γδT cells on the pathogenesis of OLP. Methods Circulating MAIT cells and γδT cells were identified using flow cytometry. Surface proteins including CD4, CD8, CD69, CD103, CD49d, programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 were assessed. Cytokines containing interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, granzyme B and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α released by MAIT and γδT cells were measured following PMA and ionomycin stimulation. Results Circulating MAIT and γδT cells were deficient in OLP. The percentage of CD4 + , CD69 + , CD103 + and PD-1 + MAIT cells was increased in OLP, while that of CD8 + and CD49d + MAIT cells was decreased. The percentage of CD103 + , PD-1 + and PD-L1 + γδT cells was upregulated in OLP. Both the MAIT and γδT cells in OLP produced less IL-4 than controls. The granzyme B-producing MAIT cells were increased, while γδT cells secreting granzyme B and TNF-α were reduced in OLP. IL-17 and IFN-γ in OLP MAIT and γδT cells were not significantly different from that in controls. The frequency of OLP MAIT cells and the MAIT/γδT rate were positively associated with the disease severity. Conclusion The deficient MAIT and γδT cells expressing functional proteins and releasing cytokines may play an immunoregulatory role in the pathogenesis of OLP.
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