The self-assembly of macromolecular segments promotes the fabrication of polymer microspheres with multiple morphologies. Inspired by the xanthium shells, A dual-driven self-assembly method have defined that enables the construction of multi-dimensional morphologies on the microsphere surface at emulsion-confined interfaces. The two driving forces are derived from the phase separation caused by the immiscibility of macromolecular segments and the different interactions between chain segments of different hydrophilicity and water molecules. The synergistic effects of these two forces, the xanthium shell structure is constructed on the microsphere surface, enabling the development of increasingly complex superstructure. This scalable approach provides extensive potential for the self-assembly technology of block copolymers with opposite properties.
Biofilm is closely associated with human bacterial infections, and the inherent resistance of biofilms to antibiotics poses a significant challenge to the antibiotic treatments. Thus, developing safe and efficient anti-biofilm agents are urgently needed. Here, we report a supramolecular biofilm disruptor, choline-functionalized calix[4]arene amphiphiles (ChC4A), for eradicating bacterial biofilm-associated infections. Benefited from favorable amphiphilic nature and molecular recognition ability, the ChC4A can self-assemble into nanoparticles with remarkably low critical aggregation concentration and quantitatively package antibiotics through host–guest interaction. More importantly, the resultant supramolecular nanoformulation effectively eliminate the intractable mature biofilms by the synergistic effect of enhanced penetration and disruption for biofilm barriers and the controlled release of antibiotics at biofilm microenvironment. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated that treatment with this macrocyclic-antibiotic complex amphiphiles can efficiently eradicate bacterial infections without unwanted side effect on normal tissues. This work represents a promising supramolecular strategy for combating bacterial biofilm-associated infections and provides new perspectives for the development of advanced anti-biofilm therapies.
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