Biomolecules
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 5
·647
·
IF 4.8
Fengyu Xie,Jing Zhou,Bingshu Liu,Lijun Zhao,Cunqi Lv,Qiong Zhang,Lin Yuan,Dianjun Sun,Wei Wei
Fluoride exposure has been shown to affect immune cell subsets and immune function, but its impact on macrophage polarization remains unclear. This study investigates the effects of low fluoride exposure on macrophage polarization and its underlying mechanisms through epidemiological surveys, animal experiments, and in vitro cell experiments. In the population-based epidemiological survey, we used mass cytometry to assess the impact of low fluoride exposure (0.570–2.027 mg/L) in the environment on human immune cell populations following the current water improvement and fluoride reduction measures. A rat fluorosis model was established by treating rats with sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water at concentrations of 0 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 50 mg/L for 90 days., and morphological changes were assessed by hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy in the spleen of rats. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the proportion of macrophage subtypes in the spleen, while Western blot and immunofluorescence were performed to detect the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins. An M1 macrophage model was constructed in vitro by inducing THP-1 cells, and the effects of fluoride on macrophage-related cell markers and cytokines were assessed using flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively, following intervention with an autophagy inhibitor. Mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial–lysosomal colocalization are analyzed through flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The study aims to investigate the role of mitophagy in sodium fluoride-induced macrophage polarization. Epidemiological investigations revealed that low fluoride increases the proportion of blood monocytes, as well as the expression levels of CD68 (a macrophage surface marker), CD86 (an M1 macrophage marker), and the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In the rats of NaF-treated groups, splenic tissues exhibited inflammatory infiltration, mitochondrial swelling, and increased autophagosome formation. Moreover, low fluoride activated the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway, promoting an increase in the M2/M1 macrophage ratio. In vitro experiments further confirmed that autophagy inhibitors reversed the NaF-induced increase in the M2/M1 macrophage ratio. This study demonstrates that low fluoride induces inflammatory responses in the body and drives M1 macrophage polarization toward M2 macrophages via mitophagy. These findings highlight the potential immunological risks associated with low fluoride and provide mechanistic insights into the interplay among fluoride, mitophagy, and macrophage polarization.
研究领域:
免疫学
·
细胞生物学
·
环境医学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2024
·
IF 7.4
Chengmin Hou,Weimin Yan,Na Li,Jiaqi Song,Qianqian Liao,Kexin Li,Qianruo Chen,Qi Gui
Hydrophobic surfaces and super hydrophobic surfaces have been widely studied and applied to cotton, ceramics, glass and other surfaces, but less research has been done on environmentally responsive hydrophobic surfaces (ERHS). In this paper, the environmentally responsive low fluorine epoxy copolymer P(DMAEMA- r -TFEMA- r -GMA) was synthesized by traditional free radical polymerization and the obtained copolymer was applied to construct ERHS on the cotton fabric and wood/plastic composite (WPC). The effects of construction parameters (polymer concentration, pH value of impregnation solution, impregnation temperature, impregnation time, drying temperature and drying time) on the surface hydrophobic properties of cotton fabric and WPC were studied. L 25 (5 6 ) orthogonal experiment scheme was selected to explore the optimal parameters of hydrophobic construction. The optimum construction conditions of ERHS cotton and ERHS WPC were as follows: polymer concentration of 10 mg/mL, impregnation time of 9 h, pH of 9, impregnation temperature of 50 °C and 60 °C, drying time of 6 h, and drying temperature of 120 °C. The maximum water contact angle (WCA) on the surface of ERHS cotton was 145°. After 15 times pH-stimulation circulations, the WCA changed in the range of 145° ± 5° to 120° ± 5°. After 10 times acid-base response circulations, ERHS cotton had good oil-water separation capacity, and the maximum oil-water separation rate varied from 99.82% to 98.24%. This hydrophobic modification had no effect on the thermal stability of cotton fabric. The maximum WCA of ERHS WPC was 135°. Under acidic conditions (pH=2), the water absorption rate of wood plastic was improved. The hydrophobic modification had little effect on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of WPC.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SOFT MATERIALS
·
2021
·
IF 2.429
Yanan Li,Aizhao Pan,Ling He,Mengjun Jia
In order to improve hydrophobic surfaces with low fluorine content, an incomplete fluoroalkyl-capped polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (ap-FPOSS) was synthesized as an initiator and used to initiate methylmethacrylate (MMA) to produce polymer ap-FPOSS-PMMA100,150,200 by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Compared with fluorine-free ap-POSS-PMMA and PMMA polymers, the films cast from 200 to 470 nm core-shell micelles self-assembled by the obtained ap-FPOSS-PMMA presented higher water contact angles (114°–124°), lower surface energy (9.6–14.9 mN·m−1), lower water absorption (Δf = 270 Hz), and lower viscoelasticity (Δf/ΔD = −1.7 HZ×106), which were attributed to their increased surface roughness and fluorine content. Additionally, ap-FPOSS-PMMA exhibited a much higher thermostability (Tg>120°C, Td>380°C) and light transmission (>97%) than fluorine-free polymer of ap-POSS-PMMA. The application of ap-FPOSS-PMMA proved that the low fluorine component in ap-FPOSS was able to produce a highly hydrophobic coating on a cotton surface (122°–124°).
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）