Over-generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely associated with the biological processes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thus, efficient monitoring ROS in inflammatory joints would be essential for better understanding the pathogenesis and optimizing therapeutic interventions. Herein, we designed a ratiometric nanoprobe utilizing upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) conjugated with chromophore labeled hyaluronic acid (HA) for high sensitively sensing ROS in the aqueous solution, bioimaging ROS in inflammatory mimic cells and diagnosing RA in vivo. In this approach, the conjugation of HA conferred UCNPs not only water solubility but also biocompatibility and ROS recognizing properties. Particularly, the HA backbone cleavage and detachment of chromophore labeled HA fragments from UCNPs induced by ROS inhibited the luminescent energy transfer (LRET) and allowed rational metric upconversion luminescence (UCL) emission as the detection signal. Importantly, the upconversion nanoprobe showed high effectiveness for early assessing the treatment response of arthritic animals to an antiarthritic drug-methotrexate (MTX).
Graphical Reaction hot spots : Enzymatic reaction rate can be increased significantly by targeted heating of the microenvironment around the enzyme, while maintaining the reaction system at environmental temperature. This targeted heating of an enzyme system has been validated by immobilizing the enzymes lipase, glucose oxidase, and organophosphorus hydrolase on Fe 3 O 4 @reduced graphite oxide. This study demonstrates that the enzymatic reaction rate can be increased significantly by targeted heating of the microenvironment around the enzyme, while maintaining the reaction system at environmental temperature. Enzyme molecules are covalently attached to the surface of Fe 3 O 4 @reduced graphite oxide (rGO). Under visible-light irradiation, the reaction rate catalyzed by the enzyme–Fe 3 O 4 @rGO system is clearly enhanced relative to that of the free enzyme and a mixture of free enzyme and Fe 3 O 4 @rGO. This local heating mechanism contributes to promotion of the enzymatic reactions of the targeted heating of the enzyme (THE) system, which has been validated by using different enzymes, including lipase, glucose oxidase, and organophosphorus hydrolase. These results indicate that targeted heating of the catalytic centers has the same effect on speeding up reactions as that of traditional heating methods, which treat the whole reaction system. As an example, it is shown that the THE system promotes the sensitivity of an enzyme screen-printed electrode by 14 times at room temperature, which implies that the THE system can be advantageous in improving enzyme efficiency, especially if heating the entire system is impossible or could lead to degradation of substrates or damage of components, such as in vitro bioanalysis of frangible molecules or in vivo diagnosis.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）