ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2024
·
IF 4.4
Defang Zhao,Lin Li,Yu-hui Xie,Dong Feng,Feng Wu,Delong Xie,Yuxin Liu,Yi Mei
Bio-based phosphorus flame retardants offer significant promise in enhancing the flame retardancy of bioplastics without compromising their environmental friendliness. In this study, a bio-based phosphorus-based flame retardant (PFR) synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil polyol (PESO) was used to enhance the flame-retardant properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), aiming to establish the correlation between phosphorus content and the fire behavior of PLA composites. Notably, the study determined that the critical phosphorus content value for improving the PLA rating from NR to V-0 was as low as 0.1 wt % in the composites, with the limited oxygen index (LOI) of PLA increasing from 21.0% to 25.2%. Meanwhile, the introduction of PESO with high phosphorus contents decreased the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of PLA by 5.33% and 9.66%, respectively. Nevertheless, with the complete replacement of the epoxy group by phosphorus ring-opening, PESO loses its plasticizing effect, making it challenging to enhance the elongation at the break of PLA. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism of PLA/PESO composites was comprehensively analyzed. It was found that the mechanism was also related to the phosphorus contents; high phosphorus was not favorable for the char forming in the condensed phase but promoting the melt dripping and formation of PO•, PO2•, and HPO• which could trap radicals in the gas phase. This study provides valuable insights into designing PFRs from renewable resources for PLA.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2024
·
IF 7.7
Chunzu Cheng,Zhongkai Xu,Qingbo Zhao,Min Gao,Ting Li,Guozhen Li,Kedong Chi,Jigang Xu,Bowen Cheng
Cellulose is a kind of green and renewable materials, but its flammability limits its wide application. In order to enhance the flame retardancy of cellulose materials, herein, melamine cyanurate, decabromodiphenyl ethane, 1,2-Bis(2-oxo-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxyphosphacyclohexyl-2-imino)ethane(BODIE) and montmorillonite were used as four typical flame retardants. These flame retardants were used alone or in combination to prepare several flame retardant lyocell fibres by physical blending method. Furthermore, the flame retardancy mechanism of phosphorus, nitrogen, halogen and inorganic flame retardant was studied through TG-IR and Raman test, and the synergistic flame retardant between four flame retardants were studied for the first time. The results showed that the nitrogen and halogen-containing flame retardants played the gas-phase flame retardant action by inert gas dilution and chemical quenching of active radicals, respectively. The inorganic flame retardant exerted condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism. The phosphorus flame retardant played both gas and condensed-phase flame retardant effect by chemical quenching of active radicals and cellulose carbonization. Furthermore, the synergism index of phosphorus‑nitrogen and phosphorus-halogen in cellulose materials were 2.1 and 1.7, respectively. There was no obvious synergistic effect between inorganic flame retardant with other flame retardants. In addition, the use of any flame retardant alone tailored the fibre's Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) lower than 28 %. In contrast, the fibres achieved a LOI of 31 % and a tensile strength of 3.0 cN/dtex when the content of phosphorous flame retardant, nitrogen flame retardant and halogen flame retardant were 45–75 %, 12–55 %, 0–25 %, respectively. This study prepared a method for preparing flame retardant cellulose materials with extremely low-cost and large-scale application potential, and provided a theoretical basis that the selection of flame retardants helped to improve the flame retardant performance of cellulose materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2024
·
IF 7.7
Chang Wu,Zong-Xing Wu,Shu-Jin Long,Xi Luo,Xian-Wei Cheng,Jin-Ping Guan
The development of sustainable and durable flame-retardant protein silk fabric without compromising its physical properties is of interest but challenging. In this study, a fully biobased reactive flame-retardant, vanillin phytate, was synthesized from biomass phytic acid and vanillin. Subsequently, vanillin phytate was covalently grafted onto silk fabrics along with diethyl phosphite under mild conditions via the Kabachnik–Fields reaction. The chemical structure of vanillin phytate and its potential cross-linking mechanism with silk fibers, thermal stability, combustion behavior, flame retardancy, washing durability, and mode of action of the modified silk fabrics were investigated. The modified silk exhibited a significant reduction in heat and smoke release by 63.8 % and 90 %, respectively, versus pristine silk. The modified silk fabrics also demonstrated excellent self-extinguishing capacity, with a reduced damaged length of 7.0 cm and an increased limiting oxygen index of over 34 %. Furthermore, the modified silk fabric maintained self-extinguishing performance after 25 washing cycles, showing high flame-retardant efficiency and good washing durability. The char residue analyses revealed that the modification primarily exerted its flame-retardant effect in the condensed phase. Interestingly, the present strategy had less influence on the physical performance of silk fabrics, indicating a wide range of practical applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
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生物化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2015
·Vol. 5
·期 123
·101416-101426
·
IF 3.84
Lin-Lin Liu,Guo-Qiang He,Ying-Hong Wang,Song-Qi Hu
A facility was designed to collect the primary combustion products of boron-based fuel-rich propellants under different chamber pressures. The morphology and particle size of condensed-phase products were analyzed using a laser particle size analyzer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and chemical analysis of condensed-phase products was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser Raman spectrometry, wet chemical analysis and elemental analysis. In addition, organics in condensed-phase products and gaseous products were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography (GC), respectively. The results show that the condensed-phase products mainly consist of B, C, B4C (or B12C2), BN, Mg, MgO, MgAl2O4, Al, Al2O3, AlCl3, NH4[Mg(H2O)6]Cl3, NH4Cl and Fe3O4; there are large amounts of boron oxide and boron carbide in the condensed-phase products, which indicates that elemental boron is highly active during the primary combustion process; a higher chamber pressure may be disadvantageous to the secondary combustion efficiency because more inactive boron carbide, graphite and h-BN (especially boron carbide) are produced.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2019
·
IF 6.864
Chao Ma,Juan Li
For the concern of sustainable and green chemical engineering , the development of flame retardants from renewable biomaterials is particularly attractive. Daidzein is an isoflavone found in large amounts in soybeans and other legumes. The structure of daidzein permits easy reaction with flame retardant groups and is beneficial for the formation of char at high temperature. A flame retardant which can work in both the gas phase and the condensed phase may be unusually effective. An organophosphorus flame retardant (DPOD) has been prepared using daidzein and diphenylphosphinyl chloride, and used to modify the flammability of epoxy (EP) resin. The structure and flame retardant mode of action of DPOD in EP were explored. The results showed that DPOD works in both the gas phase and the condensed phase and improves the flame retardancy of EP blends greatly. In addition, the DPOD doesn't deteriorate the glass transition temperature and impact strength of EP blends. This work is a useful attempt to use biobased monomers in the design of flame retardants.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 6.1
Wenchao Zhang,Yao Shu,Zhiduo Wang,Tingzhi Zheng,Songyue Sun,Wenyang Li,Hongtao Lv,Bing Geng,Wen Ao
Aluminum powder is widely used as a metal fuel in solid propellants, thermite reactions and other energy-rich materials due to its excellent energetic properties. However, its performance is often hindered by ignition delay, incomplete combustion and particle agglomeration, making the efficient utilization of aluminum a persistent focus of research. In this work, we have used trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) to prepare modified aluminum powders (Al@PTFEMA) with different fluoropolymer coating concentrations by in situ polymerization technology and systematically investigated its effect on the ignition and combustion characteristics of aluminum powders and propellants. The experimental results demonstrated that the fluoropolymer coating effectively suppressed surface oxidation of the aluminum powder, reducing surface oxygen content from 25.3 % to 1.8 %. Additionally, the preignition reaction (PIR) generated AlF₃ and other gaseous products, enhancing gas production performance. This combination significantly shortened the ignition delay time of the aluminum powder. In the propellant system, the sample PF3 containing 7.5 % Al@PTFEMA (AF3) exhibited optimal performance. At 1 MPa pressure, its burning rate decreased by 32 %. Under 7 MPa, combustion efficiency improved from 76.63 % to 96.61 % compared to the baseline propellant. Furthermore, the particle size of condensed combustion products (CCPs) decreased by 34 %. In addition, the modulation mechanism of Al@PTFEMA on the combustion characteristics of modified aluminum particle and propellant was revealed, providing theoretical support for the application of fluoropolymers in aluminum-based propellants.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
推进剂工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Yan-Dong Hu,Yan-Bei Hou,Kang-Si Zhou,Wei-Zhao Hu,Fu-Kai Chu,Lei Song,Yuan Hu
To mitigate the migration of flame retardants in unsaturated polyester resins (UPR), flame-retardant structures can be integrated into the molecular chain to create intrinsically flame-retardant UPR. Variations in the oxidation states of phosphorus-containing flame retardants can influence the distribution of phosphorus-containing compounds between the gas and condensed phases during combustion, thereby affecting the flame-retardant performance and mechanisms. Building on previous studies of the impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants with high oxidation numbers on UPR's combustion behavior and flame-retardant mechanism, this research further investigated the effects of phosphorus-containing structures with -1 and +1 oxidation states on the pyrolysis, heat release, smoke emission, and char formation of intrinsically flame-retardant UPR. Two kinds of itaconic acid-based phosphorus-containing dicarboxylic acids were synthesized and incorporated into the polyester backbones of UPR. Pyrolysis and combustion tests were performed to elucidate the combustion behavior regulation mechanisms of intrinsically flame-retardant UPR with low oxidation numbers. Findings indicate that both of the phosphorus-containing dicarboxylic acids exhibit strong flame inhibition, implying a dominant gas-phase mechanism. Moreover, they effectively shorten the duration of the release of the pyrolysis gases. However, the difference in oxidation states didn't result in a huge difference in their flame inhibition, and it's the condensed phase mechanism that makes the difference in their performance. FRUP2 with stable char layers demonstrates better flame retardancy. This study offers practical and efficient guidance for designing intrinsically flame-retardant UPR with high performance by elucidating the structure-performance relationship of phosphorus-containing compounds with low oxidation numbers.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2019
·Vol. 30
·期 7
·1684-1695
·
IF 2.162
Jingshang Zhou,Miaojun Xu,Xiaohan Zhang,Yang Leng,Yintong He,Bin Li
The unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) were usually applied in electronic equipment, but the intrinsic flammability severely retrained their application. A mono-component flame retardant poly (piperazine methylphosphonic acid neopentylglycol ester) (PPMPNG) made in our lab was selected and applied to improve their flame retardant performance. The UPR thermosets achieved UL-94 V-0 grade during vertical burning tests and the limiting oxygen index was as high as 32.1% when 15 wt% PPMPNG was incorporated. PPMPNG promoted the decomposition and carbonization of UPR materials in advance during heating process, and the residual mass was effectively enhanced at high temperature. The flame retardant mechanism of UPR/PPMPNG thermosets was investigated by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry tests, and the measurement of the morphologies and chemical components of the char residue. The phosphine oxygen radical was generated and then quenched the active free radicals in gas phase. Moreover, the av-EHC of FR-UPR was declined from 15.8 MJ kg −1 of pure UPR to 8 9 MJ kg −1 corresponding a reduction of 43.6%, which also verified the flame retardant effect in gas phase. The compact, integrated, and graphitized char layer was produced on materials surface and then exerted excellent barrier effect in condensed phase. Thus, the UPR/PPMPNG composites were conferred superior flame retardant properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Chemistry
·
2025
·
IF 6.7
Antai Bian,Penglun Zheng,Zijian Yang,Yuhao Zhou,Pei Zhu,Yawei Meng,Quanyi Liu
The improvement of mechanical properties and flame retardant performance of epoxy resin (EP) composites has long been a significant technical challenge. In this paper, using P/N synergistic flame retardation, a multicomponent flame retardant (DKD) containing imine bonds and silicon was developed by introducing imine bond structures and silicon elements. DKD brings excellent flame retardant properties to EP. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of just 5 wt% DKD enabled EP composites to attain a 29.7 % LOI and a UL-94 V-0 rating. Due to the introduction of large benzene rings and Si– O –Si cross-linking structures, DKD-3/EP's impact strength and DKD-7/EP's flexural strength increased by 15.6 % and 25 %, respectively, versus pure EP. In the CCT test, pure EP achieved a PHRR of 1075.0 kW/m 2 and a THR of 133.4 MJ/m 2 . The PHRR and THR of DKD-7/EP are 649.2 kW/m 2 and 81.1 MJ/m 2 respectively, which are 39.6 % and 39.2 % lower than the pure EP values. In addition, the TSP and SPR of DKD-7/EP decreased by 31.7 % and 24.2 %, respectively. Compared with pure EP, the CO and CO 2 production rates were reduced by 46.6 % and 50.0 %, respectively. Through the study on the flame retardant mechanism of DKD/EP, it was found that the addition of DKD generates dual flame-retardant effects in both the condensed and gas phases, thereby enhancing the fire safety of the EP system.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
消防安全工程
·
化学合成
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2017
·
IF 3.386
Ai-Hua Yang,Cong Deng,Hong Chen,Yun-Xia Wei,Yu-Zhong Wang
A novel Schiff-base polyphosphate ester (SPE) flame retardant was synthesized through melt polycondensation , and used to flame retard thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). The SPE possessed high thermal stability and rich char residue under high temperature according to the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. In combustion tests, the flame-retarded TPU passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, and had a limited oxygen index (LOI) of 29% when the content of SPE was only 5 wt%, meanwhile, the amount of dripping remarkably reduced. In cone calorimetry test, the peak of heat release rate (pHRR), average mass loss rate (AMLR), and maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) of the flame-retarded TPU with 5 wt% SPE were respectively decreased by 61.7%, 41.8%, and 30.2% compared with the corresponding value of neat TPU. All these results demonstrated that the SPE simultaneously improved the flame retardancy and dripping behavior of TPU. Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectra (TG-FTIR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) illustrated that SPE simultaneously played a flame-retardant role in both condensed phase and gas phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2024
·
IF 6.5
Li Zhang,Yan Xia,Jinhao Sun,Zhenghong Guo,Zhengping Fang,Peng Chen,Juan Li
A phosphorus‑silicon‑boron ternary hybrid flame retardant (BSiP) was synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide, p-phthalaldehyde, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and boric acid . The BSiP was applied to modify the performance of epoxy (EP) coatings. A phosphorus‑boron binary hybrid flame retardant BP was incorporated into this system to balance the performance of EP coatings. Using BSiP and BP alone requires 3 wt% and 6 wt% for EP coating, respectively, to achieve the vertical burning UL-94 V0 rating, while 4 wt% BSiP/BP (1/1) is enough for EP coating to achieve the same UL-94 rating. In addition, the impact strength of EP/BSiP/BP is 11.8 KJ/m 2 , which is 131 % and 103 % more than that of EP and EP/BSiP, respectively. The BSiP and BP work in both the gas phase and the condensed phase, and they have a good synergistic effect on flame retardancy of EP. The blend of BSiP and BP increases the free volume of EP and thus toughens EP coatings. The hybridization of multi-element covalent bonds and physical blending effectively balance the flame retardancy and impact strength of EP coatings.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Guangming Sun,Jieyu Wei,Hejun Li,Tian Li,Hui Xu,Fayu Sun,Guangxian Zhang
The incorporation of flame retardants into regenerated cellulose spinning solutions is a crucial approach for producing flame-retardant regenerated cellulose fibers. However, this method often encounters challenges such as poor compatibility and inadequate dispersion of the flame retardants within the matrix. In this study, a novel flame retardant (P-TSDPAH) was synthesized using ordinary materials such as tetramethylphosphonium sulfate, dimethyl phosphite, and ammonia solution. The P-TSDPAH contains a lot of -NH- bonds, exhibits compatibility with cellulose and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO), and remains good dispersion in the cellulose spinning solution. SEM analysis revealed that the P-TSDPAH was uniformly distributed within the FR-fiber 15 % without aggregation, and EDS results confirmed the presence of substantial phosphorus content. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic P-C-O, C N, and N H structures within the FR-fiber 15 %. XRD analysis revealed an enhanced crystallinity in the FR-fiber 15 % upon incorporation of the P-TSDPAH. Compared with pure regenerated cellulose fibers, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of FR-fiber 15 % were reduced by 88.61 % and 30.50 %, respectively, while the char residue at 700 °C increased by 142.79 %. TG and TG-IR analyses demonstrated the flame retardancy of the FR-fiber 15 %, revealing condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism, while limiting oxygen index (LOI) remained at 35.0 % even after 50 washing cycles (NFPA 2112–2012 standard), demonstrating durable performance. Additionally, the incorporation of the P-TSDPAH enhanced the mechanical properties of the regenerated cellulose fibers, which the relative breaking strength and elongation increased by 31.16 % and 48.05 %, respectively. Therefore, the synthesized P-TSDPAH demonstrates application potential for developing durable flame-retardant regenerated cellulose fibers.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
化学工程
·
纺织工程
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）