JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
·
2017
·
IF 1.051
Qianqiong Zhao,Congyan Chen,Ruilan Fan,Yong Yuan,Yalin Xing,Xiao Ma
A halogen-free flame retardant containing nitrogen and phosphorus, 2-[anilino-(6-oxobenzo[c][2,1]benzoxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl]phenol (PDOP), has been synthesized by reaction of benzo[c][2,1]benzoxaphosphinine-6-oxide (DOPO) with 2-(N-phenyliminomethyl)phenol. Halogen-free flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF-PDOP) were prepared using PDOP as a flame retardant. The flammability was investigated using limiting oxygen index, a vertical burning test (UL-94), and a cone calorimeter. When PDOP (10 wt%) as flame retardant was added to RPUF (RPUF-PDOP10%), the limiting oxygen index value was increased from 18% to 27%, and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved; meanwhile, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and the average mass-loss rates of RPUF-PDOP10% were reduced from 246 to 207 kW m−2, from 26.9 to 21.0 MJ/m2, and from 0.043 to 0.033 g/s, respectively. Especially, the initial decomposition temperature of RPUF-PDOP10% was decreased from 228°C to 209°C. The final residual char from decomposition of RPUF-PDOP10% was significantly increased up to 35.6%. The addition of PDOP did not markedly decrease the mechanical properties of the resulting flame-retardant RPUFs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2021
·
IF 5.03
Weimiao Lu,Zhenfu Jin
Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) with phosphorus (P)/nitrogen (N)-containing diphenols (DH, DV and DS) were synthesized from p -hydroxybenzaldehyde (H), vanillin (V) and syringaldehyde (S) with different methoxyl groups on its aromatic ring. The FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, XPS methods were used to characterize the structures of IFR, and LOI, CCT, SEM, TG methods were used to investigate the flame retardancy and thermal stability of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams when the three IFR were incorporated into RPU foams. Compared with H, V and S, the DH, DV and DS FTIR spectra showed absorption peaks at 3450 cm −1 , 1160 cm −1 , and 1222 cm −1 , 1050 cm −1 and 740 cm −1 , respectively, which attributed to N H, C N, and P = O , P-O, P-C groups. The 1 H NMR spectra of DH, DV and DS showed proton signals at 4.8 and 6.0 ppm, which were corresponding to H1 and H2 of C N groups, and corresponding C1 signal appeared around 62.3 ppm in the 13 C NMR spectra. The XPS spectra of DH, DV, DS showed peaks at 285, 398 eV and 133.5, 532 eV, which may be due to corresponding C1s, N1s of C N groups and P2p and O1s of P-O-C groups, respectively. These results indicated that the target compounds P/N-containing diphenols DH, DV and DS were synthesized successfully. Flame retardancy index (FRI) values of RPU-DH, RPU-DV, and RPU-DS were 2.33, 2.30 and 2.43, respectively, suggesting that DH, DV, and DS were good flame retardant additives. The THR and HRR values of RPU-DH, RPU-DV, RPU-DS foams were much lower than that of RPU foam. The fire growth rate (FIGRA) of RPU-DH, RPU-DV, and RPU-DS was 29.4%, 30.3%, and 24.4% lower comparing to RPU foam. The LOI value of RPU foam was 19%, while LOI values of RPU-DH, RPU-DV and RPU-DS foams increased to around 26%. These results suggested that the flame retardancy of RPU foams were improved by incorporating DH, DV, and DS. Compared with RPU foam, the CY 600 of RPU-DH, RPU-DV and RPU-DS foams increased by 215.2%, 152.2% and 195.6%, respectively, and the char residue after CCT were much compact and homogeneous, which could reduce heat and mass transfer, protecting underlying materials from further combustion in a fire. In conclusion, the P/N-containing diphenols DH, DV and DS were synthesized successfully, and they were good flame retardant additives. The char residue of RPU-DH, RPU-DV and RPU-DS foams increased remarkably, and formed compact and homogeneous char layer. The flame retardancy and thermal stability of RPU-DH, RPU-DV, RPU-DS foams were improved by incorporating DH, DV, and DS.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2024
·
IF 7.4
Ping Wang,Xinchao Li,Jianfeng Li,Jin Zhang,Ting Wang,Zhicheng Fu,Wenli An,Guoxing Sun,Mingjun Chen,Jinni Deng
Traditional rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) with flame retardancy might be easily damaged in some moist condition due to its hydrophobicity, which would lead to unsafety. Therefore, novel surfactants with both hydrophobic fluorinated group and flame-retardant phosphorus group were synthesized. With lower surface tension and more hydrogen bonds formed in polyurethane, the mixed surfactants, which were used in the preparation of RPUF, have not only obviously improved the size uniformity and integrity of cells but also enhanced its hydrophobicity, compressive strength and thermal insulating performance. Besides, effective ‘protection’ could be constructed on the surface of RPUF by prepared surfactants, when ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite (EG) were introduced to provide good flame retardancy. As a result, with just 2.8 wt% content of those functional surfactants, hydrophobic and flame-retardant RPUF with water contact angle of 126 °, limiting oxygen index of 25 %, compressive strength of 1.3 MPa and thermal conductivity of 27 mW/mK, were finally obtained, which is ahead of other flame-retardant RPUF reported before. It’s worth noting that, this hydrophobic and flame-retardant RPUF exhibits more stable and durable properties when soaking in HCl solution (2 mol/L), NaOH solution (2 mol/L), NaCl saturated solution and various solvents (THF and EtOH), or under strong fiction for 100 times and high and low temperature cycling test for 20 times. This would provide a novel and effective strategy to endow RPUF with enhanced and durable flame retardancy, hydrophobicity, compressive strength and thermal insulating performance even under extreme conditions.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
·
2022
·Vol. 23
·期 20
·12632
·
IF 6.208
Bin Chen,Lizhong Yang
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has been widely used in many fields, but its high flammability and frequent release of large amounts of toxic smoke during combustion limit its application. Hydrogel coatings, as a kind of environmentally friendly material, contain large amounts of water, which is beneficial to flame retardance of RPUF. MXene, as a two-dimensional inorganic nanomaterial, possesses a large specific surface area and good thermal stability, performing well in smoke suppression and as a physical barrier for flammable gas products and heat. Herein, to address the fire hazards of RPUF, MXene nanosheets were first grafted with double bonds, and then introduced into a polyacrylamide hydrogel system by radical polymerization to prepare MXene-based hydrogel coating (PAAm-MXene). The flame-retardant RPUF (coated RPUF) was prepared by painting the PAAm-MXene coating onto RPUF surface. The dispersion of modified MXene nanosheets (m-MXene) in hydrogels is improved compared with pristine MXene, and the addition of m-MXene contributes to the thermal stability enhancement of PAAm-MXene. Cone calorimetry, water retention test, and open flame combustion test were used to study the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and water retention of flame-retardant RPUF. The coated RPUF exhibited significant flame retardancy, including reduced peak heat release rate (pHRR) at a maximum by 25.8%, and total heat release rate (THR) at a maximum by 24.6%, and total smoke production at a maximum by 38.9%. The results show that both MXene and m-MXene can improve the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and water retention of hydrogels, but m-MXene has a better smoke suppression effect than MXene. That can be ascribed to the better dispersion of m-MXene than pristine MXene. The detailed performance improvement mechanisms are proposed. This work will not only improve the flame retardancy of RPUF, but also promotes the exploration of new flame-retardant strategies for RPUF.Keywords:rigid polyurethane foams;flame-retardant coating;poly acrylamide hydrogel;MXene;nanocomposites
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
消防安全
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
·
2025
·
IF 10.9
Wenlong Pang,Mengyu Zhai,Huijin Hu,Zhongxun Tian,Jun Yang,Shaonan Tian,Yufeng Wu
The effective recycling of waste polyurethane foam (PUF) is essential for reducing environmental burden, preventing littering, and decreasing reliance on virgin resources. In this study, we developed a mild, solvent-assisted glycolysis strategy using polyether polyol and various small-molecule diols to achieve complete depolymerization of waste PUF. The resulting recycled polyols (RPs) exhibited excellent reactivity and compatibility, enabling direct reuse-without purification-in the synthesis of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) at a substitution level of up to 40 wt%. Comprehensive characterization confirmed that the mechanical and physical properties of the recycled RPUF were comparable to those of commercial products. Importantly, a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted, highlighting the minimal differences in environmental impacts of the process, with a focus on the limitations of the assessment, particularly in terms of global warming potential (GWP). This work provides important theoretical support for the industrialization of polyurethane waste recycling.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2020
·Vol. 12
·期 1
·119
·
IF 3.426
Wei Zhou,Shu-Jie Hao,Guo-Dong Feng,Pu-You Jia,Xiao-Li Ren,Meng Zhang,Yong-Hong Zhou
Although tung oil is renewable, with an abundant production and low price in China, and it is used to synthesize different polyols for rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), it remains a challenge to improve the properties of RPUF by redesigning the formula. Therefore, we propose four novel compounds to strengthen the properties of RPUF, such as the catalyst-free synthesis of tung oil-based polyol (PTOK), aluminum phosphate micro-capsule (AM), silica micro-capsule (SiM), and grafted epoxidized monoglyceride of tung oil on the surface of SiO2(SiE), which were designed and introduced into the RPUF. Because of the PTOK with a catalytic function, the foaming process of some RPUF samples was catalyst-free. The results show that the incorporation of AM, SiM, and SiE, respectively, endow RPUF with a better thermal stability at a high temperature, and theT5%,Tmax1, andTmax2of RPUF appeared to be reduced, however, theTmax3and residue rate at 800 °C were improved, which may have a positive effect on the extension of the rescue time in case of fire, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was increased to 22.6%. The formula, containing 25% PTOK made the RPUF environment-friendly. The results were obtained by comparing the pore size and mechanical properties of the RPUF—the AM had a better dispersion in the foam, and the foam obtained a better mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Gang Tang,Zhen Zhang,Rui Wang,Zicheng Xu,Mengfan Guan,Dan Deng,Shenghua Wu,Kang Dai,Xiuyu Liu
With the continuous growth in demand for flame-retardant materials in the construction and insulation industries, flame-retardant modification of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUFs) has become critical for their safe application in scenarios such as building energy conservation, cold chain refrigeration, and pipeline insulation. However, the high loading levels of traditional flame retardants often result in reduced mechanical strength and/or increased thermal conductivity of RPUFs. To address this issue, this study aims to enhance the flame retardancy, smoke suppression performance, mechanical strength, and thermal insulation properties of RPUFs by synthesizing an organic flame retardant additive containing phosphorus and silicon (PSiFR) and blending it with diatomaceous earth into RPUFs, leveraging the synergistic effects of the two materials. The optimal formulation is RPUFs containing 9.6 wt% PSiFR and 0.4 wt% diatomaceous earth (RPUF-3). Specifically, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke generation of RPUF-3 are 47.2 %, 40.6 %, and 27.0 % lower than those of unmodified RPUFs, respectively. Compared with the compressive strength of unmodified RPUF (6.12kN·m/kg), the compressive strength of RPUF-3 is increased to 6.72 kN·m/kg. And also, its thermal conductivity (0.044 W/(m·K)) shows a downward trend compared with that of unmodified RPUF (0.044 W/(m·K)). The synergistic addition of PSiFR and diatomite successfully achieved simultaneous improvements in the flame retardancy, smoke suppression capability, mechanical strength, and thermal insulation performance of RPUF. This method provides an efficient and feasible modification strategy for fields such as building energy conservation and cold chain refrigeration.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
·
阻燃材料
·
建筑材料
·
热功能材料
·
复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Carbon Letters
·
2023
·Vol. 33
·期 7
·2267-2275
·
IF 4.5
Liu Jianlian,Wang Binghuan,Zi Kui,Yu Jiankui,Li Peisuo
In this study, we investigate the impact of Isophorone diisocyanate functionalized graphene oxide (IPDI-GO) on the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). IPDI-GO was synthesized and introduced into the RPUF matrix. The flame retardancy of RPUF was significantly enhanced by the incorporation of IPDI-GO, as evidenced by a reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 25% and total smoke production (TSP) by 15% in comparison to pure RPUF when IPDI-GO was incorporated at 3 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that IPDI-GO contributed to the formation of a compact, continuous char layer on the RPUF surface. This study underscores the potential of IPDI-GO as a promising flame retardant additive for RPUF.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）