Forests
·
2024
·Vol. 15
·期 10
·1830
·
IF 2.4
Yong Liu,Jiake Chen,Cunxin Li,Xiangna Han,Hao Wang,Jinsong Bai,Xiaohua Liu
Block lifting is a key step in stabilizing and removing fragile remains at archaeological excavation sites. Due to its favorable working properties and adhesive effect, menthol has recently been proposed as a volatile binding medium for temporary consolidation in archaeological conservation. This paper presents a case study on the use of menthol in the extraction and restoration of a large wooden coffin lid, approximately 1.9 m long and 0.9 m wide, from tomb 11 (M11) at Xie’ertala, located east of a Xie’ertala town in Hailar City, Inner Mongolia, dating to the 7th to 10th centuries CE. This coffin lid had fragmented into numerous wooden pieces, and was preserved in a relatively arid steppe environment, necessitating the extraction of the lid as a consolidated block. The use of menthol for consolidating and lifting the highly fragmented wooden coffin lid was intended to preserve critical archaeological information while avoiding damage to the underlying objects. An analysis of the physicochemical properties of these wooden remains suggests that the timber used for the coffin lid belongs to a common pine species from the Hulunbuir region. The degradation of the coffin lid was relatively mild, as shown by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results. Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) tests indicated that the hygroscopicity of the archaeological wood was 23.4%, compared to 21.1% for the reference sample, demonstrating good environmental stability. The safety of menthol as a treatment for fragile wooden remains was evaluated by comparing changes in the morphological and porosity characteristics of the coffin lid before and after menthol treatment. After treatment, the widths of the fissures remained largely unchanged, with all relative variations being less than 1%, and the porosity as well as pore size distribution of the wood showed negligible changes. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed that only 0.6% of menthol residue remained after 8 days of sublimation. This pilot study demonstrates that menthol is a safe temporary consolidant for block lifting and offers a promising alternative to the widely used cyclododecane. In conclusion, this research provided a new approach for conservators to safely lift similarly large and fragile wood remains during archaeological excavations.
研究领域:
考古学
·
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
·
2021
·
IF 3.247
Heng Zhang,Qinguo Ma,Wenji Su,He Hu
Although electroosmosis has been confirmed to be a promising technique for stabilizing soil with low permeability and high water content, several issues remain with this innovative method, including high power consumption, nonuniform strengthening effect, and electrode corrosion. In this context, for improving the feasibility of electroosmosis, a set of comparison laboratory tests were performed in customized apparatus to investigate the efficiency of intermittent current for the dewatering and consolidation of silty clay in the presence of calcium chloride. In this study, the time intervals of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 h were, respectively, combined with 15% calcium chloride solution during the process of electric treatment. By comparison with conventional electroosmosis, the test results apparently indicated that intermittent current incorporated with calcium chloride not only increased the undrained shear strength of soil matrix, but also reduced the anode corrosion and power consumption induced by the injection of CaCl2 solution, which made the process economically feasible in practical projects.
研究领域:
土力学
·
环境工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS
·
2017
·
IF 1.297
Heng Zhang,Guoxiang Zhou,Junliang Wu,Jing Zhong,Jianlin Wu,Xianming Shi
Electroosmosis has been extensively employed as an effective method for the dewatering treatment of soils and thus the reinforcement of weak soils. At the microscopic level, this treatment process is inherently complex due to in situ chemical and electrochemical reactions, migration of ions and particles, and the dependence of zeta potential of various particles on the local pH value in the soil. This complexity has hindered further understanding of mechanisms underlying the electroosmosis technology. Here, we design an external electric field in which alternating pulse wave potentials were partially used to adjust the pH value of the soil and manipulate the dynamics of in situ formed nanoparticles and their interconnectivity. The experimental results reveal that the in situ formation of Ca-rich particles, instead of water drainage, may serve as the main mechanism underlying the observed soil reinforcement when using calcium chloride as the treatment electrolyte. The interconnectivity of such particles may be the key for the shear strength improvement without significant settlement of the soil.
研究领域:
土力学
·
环境工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Coatings
·
2022
·Vol. 12
·期 2
·153
·
IF 3.236
Xing Zhao,Lang Guo,Liqin Wang,Ziming Wang,Meiman Peng,Liping Zheng,Qing Niu
Moisture-curable polyurethane (MCPU) is a specifically designed material for the consolidation of fragile cultural objects in high-humidity environments. In order to solve the problem of its susceptibility to yellowing due to heat ageing, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was added to the MCPU to prepare POSS/MCPU. The appearance, stability and mechanical properties of the POSS/MCPU films were characterized using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, a gloss meter, a colorimeter, a thermal analyzer and a universal material testing machine. The results showed that the films are colorless and transparent and have a light transmission of over 80%. The addition of POSS has almost no effect on the chromaticity of the MCPU, while the thermal stability of the POSS/MCPU is improved compared to the pristine MCPU. The modified film is 2.50 times more resistant to yellowing by heat. The addition of POSS also simultaneously enhances the strength and toughness of the film. Using POSS/MCPU to reinforce the fragile object, the material was found to be significantly effective, indicating it has the potential to be used during the extraction of fragile cultural objects from archaeological sites.Keywords:conservation materials;moisture-curable polyurethane;POSS;consolidant
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2021
·
IF 6.141
Jinmeng Zhu,Jinghan Ding,Peiyao Zhang,Wenqiang Dong,Xicheng Zhao,Mara Camaiti,Xuanhua Li
Due to the excellent compatibility and ageing-resistant performance, nanolime (NL) as a promising inorganic material is applied to consolidate aged sandstones and other arenaceous rocks based cultural heritage, such as wall paintings and stone relics. However, sometimes, NL does not assure a good consolidation strength for cultural relics. The existing researches on enhancing its consolidation strength are costly, time-consuming or still involving organic polymers. Here, utilizing inexpensive kaolin nanosheets as platform, we design and facilely synthesize a new nanolime/kaolin (N-K) nanocomposite by in-situ growth of Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles on the surface of kaolin nanosheets. The kinetic stability of this nanocomposite is comparable to the NL. Application experiment shows that the consolidation strength of the N-K nanocomposite in the highly porous pterosaur fossil (65%, porosity) is stronger than that of NL. The reason is due to the incorporation of kaolin nanosheets into the CaCO 3 network after carbonation. For the first time, this work reports a new N-K inorganic nanocomposite and will facilitate the development of NL-based inorganic materials for the conservation of cultural heritage.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
·
古生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
NORDIC PULP & PAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL
·
2022
·Vol. 37
·期 2
·300-310
·
IF 1.595
Jin-Jie Zhang,Ying-Ping Qi,Yong-Feng Shen,Hua Li
Paper cultural relics are both precious, inheritable and fragile. However, with the passage of time, paper will also be affected by a variety of factors, and will appear mildew, yellow, brittle, or even completely damaged. In order to protect the cultural relics, extend lifespan paper, CMC-acrylate-OVPOSS graft copolymerization emulsion was synthesized by using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as substrate, methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OVPOSS) as graft copolymer. The CMC-acrylate-OVPOSS emulsion was coated on the surface of the paper to test its protective effect on the paper. The results showed that the mass concentration of 10 % reinforcement solution coated on the paper, mechanical properties of paper were greatly improved, and the gloss and whiteness of paper were slightly changed, the paper also had a certain aging resistance and acid and alkali corrosion resistance. At the same time, the reversibility experiment showed that the reinforcement material had a certain reversibility.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADHESION AND ADHESIVES
·
2020
·
IF 2.671
Xue-Qiang Chen,Bingjian Zhang,Zhiguo Zhang
Fragile cultural relics at underwater archaeological sites are difficult to preserve in situ over long time periods due to the effects of a complex and constantly changing surrounding environment. Thus, extracting the relics from water and preserving them in a controllable environment is of primary importance. In this paper, the technology of temporary reinforcement and extraction of underwater fragile relics with veratraldehyde followed by a process of secondary temporary reinforcement using polyethylene glycol (PEG) was studied. After investigating the melting temperature and permeability of PEGs with different molecular weights , we found that PEG-3000 is an excellent candidate as the secondary reinforcing agent for the extracted relics. In the laboratory, combined with veratraldehyde and polypropylene-fiber cloth as temporary underwater strengthening materials, and selected dispersed beaded jewelry and a broken three-dimensional crock as our research subject, we carried out an entire retrieval process—temporary stabilization and secondary temporary reinforcement, to systematically evaluate the technological aspects of safely excavating fragile underwater relics in the original state. After being extracted from water and subjected to secondary temporary reinforcement using PEG-3000, the beaded jewelry and broken crock retained their underwater shape and arrangement completely. The use of secondary reinforcing agent prevents the removal process of veratraldehyde and enclosed sediment from affecting the state of the relics.
研究领域:
考古学
·
材料科学
·
文物保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
STUDIES IN CONSERVATION
·
2023
·
IF 0.8
Dan Li,Feigao Xu
The ability of hydroxyapatite (HAp)/collagen to consolidate tortoise shell relics was assessed. The chromatic parameters and hardness index of simulated weathered tortoise shells were measured before and after treatment to assess the effect of the application of HAp/collagen material. The HAp particles formed stable colloids under the proper conditions, and their average size was approximately 35 nm. SEM images showed that the HAp/collagen material was effective at filling and bonding the openings of the weathered tortoise shell. Compared with the control materials HAp and DAP/Ca(OH)2, HAp/collagen exhibited the best ability to consolidate simulated weathered tortoise shells. These results suggest a promising new and compatible method for the preservation of tortoise shell relics.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
·
生物医学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Water
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 8
·1525
·
IF 3.4
Rui Ding,Ziyu Wang,Xiangyu Zhao,Peng Cao,Xin Chen,Wenjing Chen
Coastal erosion is increasing worldwide due to the increasing frequency of extreme natural phenomena and excessive human exploitation. In this study, a small model experiment was conducted to investigate the solidification effects of three enzyme sources—soybean urease, freshwaterBacillus pasteurella, and seawater domesticatedBacillus pasteurella—on coastal sediments and their impacts in a seawater environment. The solidifying effect of different enzyme sources was determined by measuring the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the cured specimen model. The influence of solidified seawater in a seawater environment was obtained by measuring the changes in the pH value, calcium ion concentration, and ammonia nitrogen content of solidified seawater. The results show that different enzyme sources have a certain strengthening effect on coastal sediments. The mechanical properties of coastal sediments can be enhanced by increasing the amount of enzyme solution or level of solidification and can effectively resist simulated flow erosion. Comparing the reinforcement effects of different enzyme sources, it can be seen. It was observed thatBacillus pasteurellaacclimated in seawater had better reinforcement effects thanBacillus pasteurellafresh water, andBacillus pasteurellafresh water had better reinforcement effects than soybean urease. In the seawater measurement tests, the solidification of coastal sediments using different enzyme sources led to a decrease in the seawater pH value, and the acidification of seawater dissolved the generated calcium carbonate, increased the concentration of calcium ions in seawater, and produced ammonia nitrogen as a byproduct in the seawater. It was observed that, compared with the other two enzyme source solutions, the seawater-domesticatedBacillus pasteurellacan better adapt to the high-salt environment of seawater, microbial metabolism is not inhibited, urea decomposition ability is improved, and calcium carbonate production is higher, which can effectively improve the engineering characteristics of coastal sediments and play a positive role in coastal protection and development.
研究领域:
海洋生物学
·
环境科学
·
土木工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
·
2023
·
IF 3.1
Lina Xie,Lan Yao,Bingjian Zhang,Yulan Hu
The moss colonization on the surface of historic buildings could result not only in a biodeterioration but also in an aesthetical damage. In this study, some mixtures of consolidant (MMH) and GO@CuO hybrids were developed to control moss growth on the surface of weathered sandstone. An innovative aspect of the study was that, by using GO as the intermediate, the CuO nanoparticles were anchored to the MMH consolidant. This method could effectively improve the binding force between CuO nanoparticles and the stone substrate and make it not be washed away by rainfall. Several formulations have been prepared, applied on weathered sandstone specimens, and tested in laboratory to investigate the impact of GO@CuO hybrids addition on consolidation performance. The complex consolidants were subjected to an antibiological activity assay to assess their capability to inactivate moss spores. The complex consolidants were also applied to the specimens covered with mosses. The obtained results demonstrated that the consolidant loaded with GO@CuO hybrids were effective in consolidating the weathered substrate and preventing moss growth on its surface. Additionally, the complex consolidant also had the function of controlling re-colonization of moss after conservation treatment.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
·
微生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
NORDIC PULP & PAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL
·
2022
·Vol. 37
·期 2
·311-319
·
IF 1.595
Zhenzhen Chen,Yingping Qi,Yongfeng Shen,Hua Li
As the main carrier of art and cultural heritages, paper cultural relics are suffering from aging, oxidation, acidification, bacterial corrosion and other diseases with the passage of storage time. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out the protection of paper cultural relics. In order to improve the bacteriostatic properties, mechanical strength and delay aging of paper, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was modified by berberine and prepare berberylated carboxymethyl cellulose (BBR-DCMC), which is mixed with KH-791 modified nano-silica and hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate to prepare a multifunctional protective liquid integrating deacidification, reinforcement and antibacterial. The paper coated with the multifunctional protective liquid showed better antibacterial and mechanical properties, and the gloss and whiteness changed slightly. The aging test and the acid and alkali resistance test showed that the paper had certain aging resistance and acid and alkali corrosion resistance. It is an ideal protective agent for paper cultural relics and has broad application prospects in paper protection.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2018
·
IF 2.955
Yuanyuan Zhang,Xuanhua Li,Jinmeng Zhu,Shuangjie Wang,Bingqing Wei
Acrylic resin Primal® AC 33 is a common consolidant for wall paintings in a large scale. However, some disadvantages are encountered, such as low glass transition temperature (T g ), unwanted hygroscopicity, and surface gloss when applying it on wall paintings. To address these issues, the hybrids of the gum arabic treated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and the Primal® AC 33 were prepared with a different weight fraction of SWCNTs ranging from 0.005% to 0.05% via solution blending. The morphology, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of the hybrids were systematically investigated by various characterization methods. The results show that the T g , the hardness, and the adhesion of the hybrid films are increased with the presence of SWCNTs, while the transparency and the gloss value of the films in the visible light range decrease simultaneously compared with the pristine AC 33 film. When the hybrid solutions were applied on simulating wall painting plaster samples, the evaluation data suggest that the hybrids with the SWCNT concentration not exceeding 0.025 wt% in AC 33 can be potentially used in the consolidation of the surface layer of wall paintings. The hybrids with a higher SWCNT concentration play a positive role in the consolidation of the ground layer of wall paintings. Our work opens a new insight for enhancing the properties of a consolidant for wall paintings by introducing SWCNTs.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）