In this study, a hemicyanine dye, trans-4-(4-(diethylamino)styryl)-1-ethylpyridinium bromide (DYE-BD), was synthesised and simulated. The maximum absorption wavelength of DYE-BD was calculated with the same basis set by using the Gaussian 09 software based on different methods, while time-dependent density functional theory was applied to simulate the maximum emission wavelength of the designed dye. The changes in enthalpy and Gibbs free energy were simulated at the b3lyp/6-31G(d) level, and energy changes in the luminescence process were assessed using mathematical methods. Furthermore, DYE-BD was used to colour acrylic fabric following the typical dyeing procedure for cationic dyes. The photostability of the synthesised dye was analysed using quantum theory and mathematical methods. The synthesised dye, analysed using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships class program, had no toxicity to aquatic life, while the acrylic fabrics dyed with DYE-BD met the fluorescent orange requirements for background and combined performance materials according to the EN ISO 20471:2013 standard.
Detecting aminopeptidase N (APN) activity in foam cells is crucial for understanding atherosclerosis (AS) progression, but it presents challenges in achieving high specificity and sensitivity to accurately monitor enzyme activity within complex cellular environments. In this investigation, a novel probe, which is specifically targeted at APN and constructed utilizing hemicyanine dyes (HD), has been successfully developed. The probe named AP, in which HD was integrated with APN-specific sequences, exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity when employed in the detection of APN carried out in solution, cellular, and animal models. The probe has undergone significant fluorescence changes upon APN interaction, enabling detection of molecular interactions and enzyme kinetics. Fluorescence analysis showed a linear correlation between fluorescence intensity and APN concentration. In vitro tests confirmed the probe’s specificity without interference from other agents. The probe has detected APN activity in RAW264.7-derived foam cells and monitored serum APN in ApoE−/− mouse models of AS. Cytotoxicity studies showed low toxicity, supporting its biocompatibility. These findings suggest that AP is a promising tool for studying APN-related processes and advancing clinical diagnostics and tissue imaging.
Zhijia Sheng,Chao Zhao,Xiaoyan Huang,Jing Wang,Yi Liu
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors and is considered to be the fatal flaw of conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT), which severely reduces the overall therapeutic efficacy. Here, we developed a series of halogenated photosensitizers to address this issue. The results showed that the introduction of heavy atoms enhanced the spin-coupling effect of the photosensitizers and effectively improved the type I PDT (non-oxygen-dependent) efficiency. The preferred iodine-substituted photosensitizer NRh–I was used as the basic architecture, and further nitrosyl modification was performed to obtain the NO small-molecule prodrug, which was finally encapsulated with DSPE-mPEG 5k to obtain a biocompatible NO nanophotocontrolled prodrug. By using the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR), the prodrug system can precisely target the lesion site, release a high concentration of NO by photocontrol, kill the tumor cells, and at the same time, cascade with ROS released with the same “time-space” precision to generate higher cytotoxicity, ONOO − , which generates a stronger targeted synergistic therapeutic effect. This “butterfly effect” strategy maximizes the effect of PDT and broadens the idea of translational medicine.
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