IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL
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2022
·Vol. 31
·期 9
·1107-1115
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IF 2.485
Jia Lingxiao,Chen Bin,Zhao Haichao,Lan Xijian
The highly cross-linked epoxy cured network suffers from the brittle nature and poor elongation, which hinders many potential applications. In this study, a biology-based cardanol NC-514S-modified polyether amine D230 was synthesized and used as an epoxy hardener (NC-D230). The effects of NC-514S content on the mechanical and thermal properties of the prepared samples were investigated. At the same time, we used cyclic stretching to further characterize its mechanical strength, and characterized the curing agent before and after modification through SEM and FTIR. Mechanical tests on the samples showed that the increase of NC-514S content results in lower tensile strength and Young’s modulus but an increase in elongation-at-breaks. DSC and TGA analyses showed a decreasing trend of glass transition temperature with the addition of NC-514S. Typically, the epoxy thermoset without/with 75% (by wt) NC-514S-modified D230 decreased tensile strength from 61.7 to 17.74 MPa, and Young’s modulus from 496 to 11.56 MPa. It increased elongation from 13.43% to 97.97%, and decreased glass temperature from 87.5 to 51.9 °C by DSC and 87.8 to 54.7 °C by DMA, respectively. This novel bio-based renewable cashew phenol-modified polyetheramine may provide an ideal candidate for toughening an epoxy-based thermosetting materials. At the same time, it also provides a new way for the toughening of epoxy resin. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
Scientific Reports
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 1
·1-12
·
IF 3.998
Bo Caiying,Shi Zhongyu,Hu Lihong,Pan Zheng,Hu Yun,Yang Xiaohui,Jia Puyou,Ren Xiaoli,Zhang Meng,Zhou Yonghong
A novel eco-friendly halogen-free cardanol-based flame retardant with P, Si, and N on the chain backbone (PSNCFR) was synthesized and incorporated into phenolic foams (PFs). PSNCFR was comprehensively investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. PSNCFR endowed PFs with flame retardancy, contributed to generating a composite char defense against flames, and efficiently prevented smoking from PFs. PSNCFR introduction improved the flexural strength of the PFs to approximately 155% of that of pristine PF. PSNCFR-modified PFs displayed a high limiting oxygen index value of 41.9%. The results of cone calorimeter show that the mean heat release rate, mean effective heat of combustion, and total heat release of the PSNCFR-modified PFs reduced by 26.92%, 35.71%, and 31.25%, respectively. In particular, the total smoke production of the PSNCFR-modified PFs decreased by 64.55%, indicating excellent smoke inhibition. As for the mechanism, the condensation and gas phases during pyrolysis were responsible for the synergistic flame retardancy in the modified PFs. The findings demonstrate that PSNCFR can be used in PF preparation to overcome their drawbacks of internal brittleness and flammability.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
FIBERS AND POLYMERS
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2020
·Vol. 21
·期 8
·1649-1656
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IF 1.797
Hou Delong,Wang Songhang,Chang Jinming,Xu Zhou,Zeng Qi,Wang Zhonghui,Yang Yongcheng,Yan Jun,Chen Yi
Plasticizers that enable flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are usually combustible, restricting the application of PVC in fire-prone scenarios. In this context, intrinsically flame-retardant plasticizers displaying dual function continue to be the focus of intensive research. Despite their efficiency, the majority of these dual-functional plasticizers previously reported contain halogen elements, which, once ignited, emanate toxic and potentially carcinogenic substances, along with toxic gases and smoke, polluting the environment, damaging the biota, and threatening human health. Here, we report a strategy to obtain a halogen-free, intrinsically flame-retardant PVC bio-plasticizer that harnesses the phenolic hydroxyl of naturally occurring cardanol and covalent attachment of an organophosphate moiety. When combined with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP), the organophosphate-containing cardanol is qualified as a co-plasticizer, while endowing the PVC materials with flame retardancy. Unlike inorganic flame-retardants, the engineered cardanol is compatible with PVC such that the mechanical properties of the PVC materials are not compromised. The rationale underlying the present effort may provide guidance for developing sustainable alternatives to halogen-containing plasticizers to address the sustainability challenge now confronting PVC industry.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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可持续发展
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DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2021
·
IF 4.089
Yanzi Ke,Xiangyu Yang,Qian Chen,Junqi Xue,Zhijian Song,Yuehong Zhang,Samy A. Madbouly,Ying Luo,Mei Li,Qingwen Wang,Chaoqun Zhang
The development of multifunctional polymeric materials from renewable resources is of foremost significance from a sustainable development perspective. In this work, a biobased epoxy monomer (EHCPP) with hard core structures and multi-arms was prepared from cardanol with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, followed by epoxidation with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA). Then, the epoxy polymer networks were prepared via the curing process of EHCPP with four thiol monomers of different thiol groups. The mechanical and thermomechanical properties, thermal stability, solvent resistance, recyclability characteristics, and optical behavior of the cardanol-based epoxy resins were systematically investigated. The results showed that four epoxy resins (EHCPP-2SH, EHCPP-3SH, EHCPP-4SH, and EHCPP-BDB) not only exhibited excellent solvent resistance in 10 wt % aqueous solutions of NaOH, HCl, and NaCl but also showed intrinsic fluorescence, while only the EHCPP-BDB epoxy resin showed phosphorescence behavior. Recyclability was observed in the EHCPP-BDB polymer network due to the presence of dynamic reversible boron ester bonds. These cardanol-based epoxy-thiol polymer networks open a pathway to explore potential biomass resources for high-performance multifunctional materials as a replacement for petroleum-based thermosets in various industrial applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
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可持续发展
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL
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2022
·Vol. 37
·期 4
·254-261
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IF 2.5
Zongquan Li,Yunjian Ma,Frank Hollmann,Yonghua Wang
Carvol and carvone are oxidation products from the natural product limonene. They are important raw materials for the flavours and fragrances industry and also act as pharmaceutical active ingredients. Orange waste peels possibly represent an attractive source for limonene, but studies on valorizing orange peel wastes are rare. In this study, we report a new enzymatic cascade system for the in-situ conversion of limonene from orange peel into valued-added carvol and carvone. The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) allows for efficient in-situ extraction of limonene from waste orange peels. We propose a dual function use of DES as solvent for the extraction and the biocatalytic oxidation of limonene as well as cosubstrate to promote the oxidation reaction. Using ChCl-Pro-H 2 O DES for the extraction of limonene from waste orange peels, approximately 17 milligrams of limonene per gram of orange peel was achieved at 40°C for 24 h. Then, with ChCl-Pro-H 2 O DES as the extractant and reaction medium, a cascade reaction system of choline oxidase (ChOx) and unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) was established to catalyse the conversion of limonene into carvol and carvone. The concentration of the final products was up to about 1.6 mmol L −1 . This study showed a biocatalytic transformation pathway and provides technical support for the high-value utilization of waste in orange peel.
研究领域:
生物化学
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环境科学
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香料工业
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
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2023
·Vol. 140
·期 19
·e53829
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IF 3
Xin Kang Li,Jun Wei Shen,Hai Lan Lin,Zhao Xin Zhang,Xun Tao Zhang,Jun Bian,Dai Qiang Chen
In order to explore effective strategies to fabricate main-chain polybenzoxazine (PBZ) thermosetting resin for structural material applications, here, five PBZ with different molecular structures, that is, poly(Co-ddm), poly(Co-BPA-ddm-Co) main , poly(Ph-BPA-ddm-Co) main , poly(Ph-BPA-ddm-Ph) main and poly(Ph-ddm) were designed, synthesized and compared by introducing unsaturated fatty chains through the Mannich reaction with cardanol. The structure and properties of five PBZ with different structure were systematically investigated by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), NMR, water absorption and mechanical tests. FTIR and NMR tests indicated that five PBZ with different molecular structures were successfully synthesized. The mechanical tests indicated that the impact strength of the double-capped cardanol-based main-chain PBZ was 243% higher than that of the traditional PBZ. The water absorption of main-chain PBZ was higher than that of diamine PBZ, and the water absorption of poly(Ph-BPA-ddm-Co) main was the lowest in the main-chain PBZ. Based on the experimental results, five PBZ amorphous cells with different structures were successfully established. It indicated that the main chain PBZ showed better thermomechanical properties than the traditional diamine PBZ due to high crosslinking conversion and hydrogen bond density. Moreover, the modulus and glass transition temperature of the main chain structure containing unsaturated fatty chains did not decrease significantly.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2024
·Vol. 16
·期 11
·1528
·
IF 4.7
Ji Xu,Lingxiao Jia,Qixin Lan,Daheng Wu
The green and environmentally friendly cardanol epoxy resin has a bright application prospect, but its insufficient thermal/mechanical properties seriously hinder its application. Adding nanoclay to polymer matrix is an effective method to enhance the thermal/mechanical properties of material, but the dispersion and compatibility of nanoclay in epoxy resin remain to be solved. In this work, active Girard’s reagent clay (PG-clay) and non-active Girard’s reagent clay (NG-clay) were prepared by using acethydrazide trimethylammonium chloride (Girard’s reagent) as the modifier, and cardanol epoxy resin/G-clay nanocomposites were synthesized by the “clay slurry composite method”. The results showed that both PG-clay and NG-clay were dispersed in the epoxy matrix in the form of random exfoliation/intercalation, which effectively improved the thermal/mechanical properties of the composites. Tg of the cardanol epoxy resin has raised from 19.8 °C to 38.1 °C (4 wt.% PG-clay). When the mass fraction of clay is 4%, the tensile strength of the non-reactive NG-clay increases by 128%, and the elongation at break also increases by 101%. Simultaneously, the active PG-clay can participate in the curing reaction of epoxy resin due to the amino group, forming a chemical bond between the clay layer and the resin matrix and establishing a strong interfacial force. The tensile strength of the composite is increased by 970%, and the elongation at break is also increased by 428%. This research demonstrates that the cardanol epoxy resin/G-clay nanocomposite stands as a highly promising candidate for bio-based epoxy resin materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2018
·Vol. 25
·期 5
·1-14
·
IF 1.434
Chen Jie,Liu Zengshe,Nie Xiaoan,Zhou Yonghong,Jiang Jianchun,Murray Rex E.
Two natural plasticizers derived from cardanol (CD), cardanol acetate (CA) and epoxidized cardanol acetate (ECA), were synthesized and characterized by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. The plasticizing effects of the obtained plasticizers on semi-rigid polyvinylchloride (PVC) formulations were also investigated. Two commercial phthalate ester plasticizers, dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP), were used as controls. Mechanical and thermal properties, compatibility, thermal stability, microstructure, and workability were assessed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic stability analysis, respectively. Results indicated that the natural plasticizer ECA had overallsuperior flexibility, compatibility, thermal stability, and workability comparable to both controls. The obtained CA and ECA have lower volatility resistance and similar extraction and exudation resistance than that of DOTP and DINP. The CA was further blended with DOTP in soft PVC films. Results of DMA, TGA and mechanicalanalysis indicated that CA can serve as a secondary plasticizer to improve the related properties of soft PVC formulations. These CD derived plasticizers show promise as an alternative to fully or partially replace petroleum-based plasticizers.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2014
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IF 2.235
Zhu Xiong,Xinyan Dai,Ruoyu Zhang,Zhaobin Tang,Haining Na,Jin Zhu
A biobased monofunctional compatibilizer (called Epicard) is first synthesized by the reaction of cardanol with epichlorohydrin as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR. Subsequently, biosourced polymers, polylactide (PLA) and starch, are melt-blended by a twin-screw extruder with Epicard. Confirmed by the measurements of contact angle and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance of the extracted starches from PLA/starch/Epicard blends, the Epicard only possesses a monoepoxy group to mainly react with starch and then increased the hydrophobicity of the starches during the melt-blending process. As a result, an obvious improvement to the interfacial adhesion between starch and PLA is observed by the scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the tensile properties of PLA/starch blends are effectively improved with the addition of Epicard. This study suggests a simple but effective material technique by utilizing a novel plant oil modifier to increase interfacial adhesion in fabricating fully biobased PLA/starch blends with superior tensile properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Zhong-Qiong Qin,Ze-Tao Xiao,Xi-Yang Lan,Xin Wang,Yuan Hu,Lei Song
In this work, diphenolic acid- and furfuryl-based benzoxazine (MDP-FuBz) was synthesized from methyl diphenolic acid (DPA) via the Mannich reaction. The curing temperature of MDP-FuBz was studied via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Since the flame retardant effect of MDP-FuBz was not satisfactory after curing, two kinds of phosphorus-containing cardanol-derived benzoxazine monomers (C-BA-DOPOBz and C-BA-diDOPOBz) were synthesized and characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. C-BA-DOPOBz and C-BA-diDOPOBz were used to endow MDP-FuBz with anti-flammability and toughness. As expected, the addition of 10 wt. % C-BA-DOPOBz or C-BA-diDOPOBz to MDP-FuBz improved the flame retardancy and glass transition temperature of the resulting interpenetrating polybenzoxazine networks. Although C-BA-diDOPOBz showed higher flame retardancy than C-BA-DOPOBz, both MDP-FuBz/10%C-BA-DOPOBz and MDP-FuBz/10%C-BA-diDOPOBz could not reach the UL-94 V-0 rating. C-BA-diDOPOBz was selected to further increase the content to modify MDP-FuBz. With the addition of 30 wt. % C-BA-diDOPOBz, the resulting interpenetrating polybenzoxazine networks reached the UL-94 V-0 rating, and the impact strength of MDP-FuBz/C-BA-diDOPOBz was 43 % higher than that of MDP-FuBz polybenzoxazine. This work presents interpenetrating polybenzoxazine networks consisting of diphenolic acid-based benzoxazine (rigid segment) and cardanol-based benzoxazine (flexible segment), which are integrated with high glass transition temperatures, flame retardancy and toughness.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
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2020
·
IF 4.469
Yupei Su,Shuting Zhang,Xiaohua Zhou,Zhuohong Yang,Teng Yuan
A cardanol-based UV-curable reactive diluent (CACAA) was synthesized via two facile acrylation reactions and then copolymerized with acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) under UV irradiation to prepare cured films with high bio-based content. For comparison, petroleum-based reactive diluents, including pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) and bisphenol-A ethoxylated (2) diacrylate (BPAEODA), were also used to copolymerize with AESO under UV irradiation. The characterizations of 1 H NMR and FT-IR were implemented to confirm the chemical structure of CACAA. The bio-based content and rheological behavior of the coating solutions with different diluents were compared. Besides, the gel content, volume shrinkage and solvent absorption of the UV-cured films were measured. Furthermore, the dynamic mechanical properties (via DMA), thermal stability (via TGA), mechanical properties (via tensile test) and coating properties (such as coating hardness, solvent resistance , and glossiness) of the UV-cured films were studied. Results revealed that the addition of CACAA could significantly improve the gel content, glass transition temperature , tensile strength and solvent resistance of the cured AESO films. Besides, CACAA exhibited better dilution effect and lower volume shrinkage than petroleum-based diluents (PETA and BPAEODA). Therefore, the cardanol-based UV-curable reactive diluent (CACAA) shows great potential to substitute petroleum-based diluents to prepare low-viscosity and low-shrinkage UV-curable coatings with high bio-based content. Also, the novel method proposed in this study provides a guideline to the preparation of highly bio-based coatings, and it will facilitate the development of bio-based polymers.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2019
·Vol. 136
·期 20
·47505
·
IF 2.188
Yu-Peng Chen,Abdul Qadeer Dayo,Hui-Yan Zhang,An-ran Wang,Jun Wang,Wen-bin Liu,Yan Yang,Qi-Rui Qin,Yu-Gang Yang
The cardanol-based phthalonitrile (PN) monomer was successfully produced via the nucleophilic substitution reaction of cardanol with 4-nitrophthalonitrile in potassium carbonate media. The conventional methods were employed to predict the chemical structure. The influence of long alkyl chains of cardanol was observed on the thermomechanical properties, recorded values were much below than the poly(Baph) standards. However, the thermal stabilities were recorded in good agreement to PN resin values. Furthermore, the 100 kGy dose of Co 60 irradiation does not show any remarkable changes in the studied properties. The copolymers from P-a benzoxazine and cardanol-based PN (CPN) on the different wt % blending were prepared. The curing behavior and mechanism of the monomer blends were analyzed. The curing of CPN was improved in the presence of active hydrogen produced from the P-a polymerization. The T g and thermal properties of the copolymer were much better than the neat poly(P-a). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136 , 47505.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）