Bo Zhou,Zhijie Zheng,Tongwen Zhao,Xiangyang Huang,Xiaogang Wu
The ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine advanced oxidation process, which generates hydroxyl radical ( OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl ), is considered to be an efficient technology for pollutant removal. In this study, the in-situ generation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) using an electrode as the source of active chlorine was employed, in which electrochemical/chlorine (EC) and solar photocatalytic technologies were combined to form the Solar/E/catalyst system. In this process, HOCl not only served as the precursor for generating OH but also continuously generate OH and regenerating under TiO 2 driving. Additionally, the chlorine ions generated in the reaction were reconverted to HOCl through electrode oxidation. Under the optimal conditions of [ibuprofen] 0 = 20 μmol/L, I 0 = 150 mA, [Cl − ] 0 = 100 mg/L, and pH 0 = 7.0, the degradation rate increased from 22 % in the Solar/E condition to 91 % in the Solar/E/TiO 2 condition. The kinetic rate constants were 13.1 and 3.2 times higher than those in the Solar/E and Solar/TiO 2 conditions, respectively, indicating a significant synergistic effect (by a factor of 2.6) in the Solar/E/TiO 2 system. The significant enhancement effect disappeared when ZnO and Fe-gC 3 N 4 catalysts were used for comparison instead of TiO 2 . In addition, this process has broad application prospects in the treatment of pharmaceutical and personal care product pollutants such as atenolol and sulfamethoxazole, as well as in practical water treatment applications. In conclusion, this study provides an efficient, energy-saving method for the degradation of organic pollutants.
Qijie Yu,Jiulin Hu,Xianhui Nie,Yuhan Zeng,Chilin Li
Fluoride-based solid electrolytes (SEs) have emerged as a promising component for high-energy-density rechargeable solid-state batteries (SSBs) in view of their wide electrochemical window, high air stability, and interface compatibility, but they still face the challenge of low ion conductivity and the lack of a desired structure for sodium metal SSBs. Here, we report a sodium-rich heterostructure fluoride SE, Na3GaF6–Ga2O3–NaCl (NGFOC-G), synthesized via in situ oxidation of liquid metal gallium and in situ chlorination using low-melting GaCl3. The distinctive features of NGFOC-G include single-crystal Na3GaF6 domains within an open-framework structure, composite interface decoration of Ga2O3 and NaCl with a concentration gradient, exceptional air stability, and high electrochemical oxidation stability. By leveraging the penetration of gallium at NaF grain boundaries and the in situ self-oxidation to form Ga2O3 nanodomains, the solid-phase reaction kinetics of NaF and GaF3 is activated for facilitating the synthesis of main component Na3GaF6. The introduction of a small amount of a chlorine source during synthesis further softens and modifies the boundaries of Na3GaF6 along with Ga2O3. Benefiting from the enhanced interface ion transport, the optimized NGFOC-G exhibits an ionic conductivity up to 10–4 S/cm at 40 °C, which is the highest level reported among fluoride-based sodium-ion SEs. This SE demonstrates a “self-protection” mechanism, where the formation of a high Young’s modulus transition layer rich in NaF and Na2O under electrochemical driving prevents the dendrite growth of sodium metal. The corresponding Na/Na symmetric cells show minimal voltage hysteresis and stable cycling performance for at least 1000 h. The Na/NGFOC-G/Na3V2(PO4)3 cell demonstrates stable capacity release around 100 mAh/g at room temperature. The Na/NGFOC-G/FeF3 cell delivers a high capacity of 461 mAh/g with an excellent stability of conversion reaction cycling.
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