CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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2026
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IF 12.5
Dhandapani Kuzhandaivel,Weiqiang Chen,Zixiang Weng,Longhui Zheng,Jianlei Wang,Naveen Thirunavukkarasu,Lixin Wu
Additive manufacturing of high - performance filled rubber composites that industrially relevant mechanical and chemical performance remains a significant challenge, particularly at silica loadings required for stiffness, durability, and chemical resistance. This study presents a dual - curable waterborne latex - silica ink system that enables the direct ink writing (DIW) of carboxylated styrene - butadiene rubber composites with up to 50 wt% silica, without compromising printability or final performance. The ink incorporates a photocurable N - vinylpyrrolidone/triethylene glycol divinyl ether interpenetrating network, which provides immediate green strength upon UV exposure, followed by a secondary ZnO - activated sulfur vulcanization step that constructs a robust polysulfidic network. Rheological characterization revealed tunable yield stress and shear-thinning behavior, which are suitable for extrusion across a wide composition range. To ensure consistent print fidelity across 30–50 wt% silica, a machine-learning-based adaptive viscous filament printing (ML-AVFP) framework was implemented, which uses experimentally determined rheological descriptors and line-printing calibration data to automatically rewrite G-code with composition-specific Z -offset and print-speed profiles, thereby improving filament flattening/interlayer overlap, suppressing printing-induced porosity, and reducing final post-vulcanization shrinkage by ~17–30% versus fixed-parameter DIW. The resulting dual-cured composites exhibited tensile strengths of up to 21 MPa, elongations approaching 800%, high toughness, low compression set from − 40 to 100 °C, and excellent oil resistance. Functional components, such as gaskets, bellows, and brake diaphragms, were successfully printed, dense, pore-free microstructures and reliable performance under realistic mechanical and fluid - exposure conditions. This study establishes a scalable hybrid materials - process strategy for the digital manufacturing of industrially relevant elastomer parts via DIW.
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PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
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2026
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IF 7.3
Dongdong Tang,Huizhi Huang,Yao Ren,Qiuru Bao,Dawei Luo,Kai Zhang,Yuan Liu
As the demand for flame-retardant materials grows, intumescent fire-retardant coatings (IFC) have attracted significant attention due to advantages such as ease of application, minimal impact on substrate properties, and high flame-retardant efficiency. However, conventional IFC exhibit limitations including low char strength and hygroscopic components. To address these issues, this study introduced low-melting-point glass powder (LMGP) as a ceramic-forming filler into IFCs, preparing a ceramicizable IFC (C-IFC) with higher char layer strength. Furthermore, TiO 2 was surface-modified with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTS) to produce superhydrophobic PFDTS@TiO 2 powder. By combining the aforementioned coating and modified powder through a two-step process, a superhydrophobic ceramicizable IFC (C 20 -IFC/ PFDTS@TiO 2 ) was successfully developed. This coating demonstrated excellent fire-retardant and thermal insulation performance on steel structures and rigid polyurethane foam (RPU).Additionally, the coating surface exhibited exceptional hydrophobicity, with a water contact angle (WCA) of 157.5 ± 0.7° and a water roll-off angle(WRA) of 4 ± 0.3°. This hydrophobic surface gives the coating excellent water resistance. This work provides a universal and efficient solution for developing high-performance, durable fire-retardant protective coatings integrating ‘fire and water non-invasion’ and self-cleaning capabilities.
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PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
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2026
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IF 7.9
Jiaying Liu,Guoqing Xiao,Mingtan Wang,Chunyan Chen,Chunlin Chen,Shuyu Fu
Waterborne epoxy (EP) coatings are widely used for fire protection of steel structures due to their environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Although significant progress has been made in the development of fire-retardant coatings, a key challenge remains regarding their long-term stability under harsh environments with strong ultraviolet (UV) radiation. To address this challenge, this study employed layered α-ZrP nanosheets as a substrate, polyethylenimine (PEI) as a bridging agent and tannic acid (TA) as a functional modifier, to prepare TA/PEI@ZrP hybrids via a Schiff base reaction. These hybrids were then incorporated into an EP intumescent fire-retardant coating to fabricate a TA/PEI@ZrP/EP composite coating. Accelerated aging tests demonstrated that the incorporation of TA/PEI@ZrP improved gloss retention and reduced the degradation of EP structures. Fire performance tests demonstrated that the composite coating exhibits excellent fire resistance. The Bronsted acid sites (BAS) of ZrP catalyzed the formation of a dense and high-strength intumescent char layer, which reduced the backside temperature of the steel substrate from 236.8 °C to 184.7 °C. The char expansion height and expansion ratio increased from 5.73 mm and 5.18 to 23.1 mm and 17.63, respectively. These results indicate that the composite coating exhibits both enhanced fire resistance and improved UV durability, leading to an overall improvement in protective performance. This work provides new insights into the design of multifunctional composite coatings with long-term stability and high-efficiency UV resistance.
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JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
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2026
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IF 3.1
Jingwen Qu,Min Wang,Xiankui Qian,Haijiao Xie,Xiaohua Shi
A series of tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) acrylate derivatives modified with few ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) segments were synthesized via a one-pot copolymerization. The properties of the modified THEIC acrylates exhibited regular variations depending on the average caprolactone segment number (N(CL)). Specifically, as N(CL) decreased, the glass transition temperature ( T g ) increased, and the thermal stability was enhanced. A balance between toughness and strength was achieved at N(CL) = 1. Furthermore, the modified material demonstrated improved compatibility with the system and enhanced ease of use. In this one-pot procedure, the ring-opening polymerization of ε-CL and its esterification with acrylic acid proceeded concurrently. Combined DFT calculations and HPLC-MS analysis revealed that this synergistic mechanism was key to controlling the PCL segment number while significantly simplifying the process. This strategy is equally applicable to preparing other polyol acrylates. The simple procedure and good controllability hold potential for industrial application.
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Polymers
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2026
·Vol. 18
·期 17
·2078
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IF 5.8
Liqun He,Wan Zhang,Jianji Wang,Jianxiao Bian
Polylactic acid (PLA) is derived from renewable resources and can be composted under controlled industrial conditions, but its flammability and brittleness limit wider use. This study combined Ti3C2TxMXene with surface terminations and an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system based on ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol (4:1,w/w). A styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) elastomer was then added to improve toughness. At a total flame retardant loading of 10 wt%, PLA/8.5IFR/1.5MXene reached a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.32% and a UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping. Compared with PLA/10IFR, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by 18.6% and 28.8%, respectively, and the residue at 600 °C increased from 5.88 to 6.75 wt%. The composite containing MXene formed a denser char and showed a slightly lower Raman D/G intensity ratio. Adding 10 wt% SBS increased notched impact strength by 48% for PLA/IFR and 31% for PLA/IFR/MXene, but reduced tensile strength and modulus. MXene therefore improved the barrier in the condensed phase at a lower IFR content, while SBS partly recovered toughness.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2026
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IF 5.4
Rutong Song,Yurong Wu,Fei Zhong,Chunlin Chen,Zhikui Huang,Yaqi Ren,Wei Li,Jie Cao,Yichao Ding
Cu-doped PDA and PA were grafted onto GO to form a P-N-rich barrier (GPCu/PA). • Co-Fe/B nanosheets were grown on GPCu/PA to construct a hierarchical structure. • Multi-metal (Cu, Co, Fe) and boron synergistically enhance char formation and stability. • The hierarchical filler provides physical barrier, radical quenching, and catalytic charring. Water-based intumescent epoxy coatings for steel structures face challenges in simultaneously achieving high-efficiency flame retardancy, smoke suppression, thermal insulation, and long-term environmental durability. In this study, a hierarchical GPCu/PA/Co-Fe/B hybrid flame retardant was developed by sequentially grafting Cu 2+ -chelated polydopamine (PDA) and phytic acid (PA) onto graphene oxide (GO), followed by the in situ growth of Co-Fe/B nanosheets. This ingeniously designed structure integrates the layered barrier effect of GO, the catalytic charring capability of PDA and transition metal species, the phosphorus-promoted expansion effect of PA, and the protective effect of boron-containing compounds. Through these synergistic effects, the hybrid system facilitates the formation of a dense and stable char layer, thereby effectively suppressing heat conduction, oxygen diffusion, and the release of flammable volatiles during combustion. When incorporated into water-based epoxy coatings, just 2 wt% of GPCu/PA/Co-Fe/B significantly improves flame-retardant performance by reducing the back-surface temperature by 36.3%, increasing the char layer expansion height by 244.9%, and enhancing smoke suppression capabilities. The cone calorimeter test further confirmed the reduced heat release, smoke generation, and toxic gas emissions achieved by this coating, demonstrating its outstanding fire safety performance. Additionally, water immersion and UV-accelerated aging tests showed that even after environmental exposure, the coating maintained low water absorption, structural integrity, and flame-retardant properties, indicating excellent durability and weather resistance. This study provides a highly promising strategy for developing multifunctional, tiered flame-retardant systems for durable water-based intumescent coatings designed for fire protection of steel structures. Download: Download high-res image (370KB) Download: Download full-size image
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PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
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2026
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IF 7.9
Chunlin Chen,Beibei Ren,Fei Zhong,Guoqing Xiao,Xinyu Bai,Guirong Zhao,Chunyan Chen,Chuanlin Mou
In this study, using Ti 3 C 2 T X (MXene) as a substrate, Co-doped polydopamine (PDA@Co), phytic acid (PA), and flake-like Ni-Fe/LDH were loaded onto the MXene surface via hierarchical assembly to prepare a novel multifunctional flame retardant (MPPA@Ni-Fe/LDH). Among these, MXene and LDH formed a multi-level physical barrier that suppressed flame spread and delayed the escape of oxygen and combustible gases. The introduction of PDA and PA improved the interfacial dispersion of the material, promoted the dehydration and carbonization of the matrix, and interrupted the combustion chain reaction, thereby synergistically constructing a dense C-N-P flame-retardant network. Furthermore, the presence of multiple transition metals further enhanced catalytic carbonization at high temperatures, and the generated metal oxides also improved the thermal insulation and strength of the char layer. The results of a series of fire tests demonstrated that the backside temperature of steel plates coated with MPPA@Ni-Fe/LDH/EP was as low as 168.9 °C, with expansion heights and expansion rates of 26.4 mm and 20.31, respectively, and the smoke density rating reached a minimum value (35.4%). This indicates that the composite coating exhibited excellent thermal insulation, expansion, and smoke suppression properties. In TGA analysis, the high char yield of the MPPA@Ni-Fe/LDH/EP sample confirmed its high thermal stability and the effective catalytic carbonization ability of the multi-metal system. Furthermore, microscopic analysis of the carbon residues revealed that the MPPA@Ni-Fe/LDH-filled coating exhibited the most intact and dense carbon layer, providing favorable conditions for its excellent thermal insulation performance. This novel flame retardant, incorporating a multi-layer barrier effect, high phosphorus and nitrogen content, and strong catalytic carbonization capability, offers a new approach for developing multifunctional intumescent flame-retardant coatings.
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MACROMOLECULES
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2026
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IF 5.7
Quanyin Xu,Jiachen Li,Yueer Du,Wangyang Lu,Rongchun Zhang,Biao Zuo
This study investigates the role of chemical tethering in polymer dynamics within the framework of Adam–Gibbs (AG) theory, employing star polystyrene (PS) as a model system, with each arm capped with an adamantane (Ad) group and varying the number of arms (f) and core rigidities. Results indicated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and dynamic fragility (m) of the Ad-capped star PS increased with an increasing f value and core rigidity. These increases were associated with an increase in the potential energy barrier per monomer segment (Δμ), as described by the AG theory, but with an unaltered length for cooperatively rearranging regions at Tg, establishing a linear relationship between Δμ and Tg and m. This relationship indicated that chemical tethering impedes polymer cooperative dynamics by constraining the internal rotation of C–C bonds in the tethered polymer backbone and increasing the Δμ value during cooperative motion. The findings of the study offer new insight into the polymer glass transition, which varies according to the molecular topology and tethering architecture of the polymer.
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Materials Today Chemistry
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2022
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IF 7.613
W. Chen,P. Liu
Ultrasound has been recognized as an exciting tool to enhance the therapeutic efficacy in tumor chemotherapy owing to the triggered drug release, facilitated intracellular drug delivery, and improved spatial precision. Aiming for a precise localized drug delivery, novel dendritic polyurethane-based prodrug (DOX-DPU-PEG) was fabricated with a drug content of 18.9% here by conjugating DOX onto the end groups of the functionalized dendritic polyurethane via acid-labile imine bonds. It could easily form unimolecular micelles around 38 nm. Compared with the non-covalently drug-loaded unimolecular micelles (DOX@Ph-DPU-PEG), they showed excellent pH/ultrasound dual-triggered drug release performance, with drug leakage of only 4% at pH 7.4, but cumulative release of 14% and 88% at pH 5.0 without and with ultrasound, respectively. The ultrasound responsiveness was attributed to the unique strawberry-shaped topological structure of the DOX-DPU-PEG, in which DOX was embedded in the skin layer of the hydrophobic DPU cores. With ultrasound, the DOX-DPU-PEG unimolecular micelles possessed enhanced tumor growth inhibition than free DOX but showed no obvious cytotoxicity on the tumor cells without ultrasound. Such feature makes them promising potential for precise localized drug delivery.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2022
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IF 5.518
Mingtan Wang,Guoqing Xiao,Chunlin Chen,Zhengwei Yang,Fei Zhong,Chunyan Chen,Rui Zou,Yuanyuan Li,Ruili Li
In this study, the flexibility of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the excellent flame barrier property and catalytic carbon formation effect of layered double hydroxide (LDH) were fully combined to obtain a high performance composite flame retardant coating. Specifically, polydopamine (PDA) with superior adhesion properties was encapsulated on the surface of CNTs to enhance their dispersion in water. More importantly, the introduction of PDA provided abundant active sites for the adsorption of precursor cations of LDH, which facilitates the uniform loading of LDH on the surface of CNTs to obtain well-structured CNTs@PDA@LDH (CPL) hybrids. The synergistic effect of CNTs and LDH on the flame retardant properties of epoxy resin matrix was investigated. The CPL 2% /EP sample showed the lowest backside temperature (170.78 °C), maximum expansion height (21.60 mm) and expansion rate (17.70), proving its highest thermal insulation effect. In addition, the thermal weight loss test illustrated that CPL 2% /EP exhibited a higher thermal degradation temperature and char residue under both air and nitrogen, confirming its excellent thermal stability. Through the morphological analysis and characterization of the residual char, a reasonable flame retardant mechanism for the CPL hybrid material was proposed.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
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2022
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IF 6.51
Wei Chen,Peng Liu
Unimolecular micelles have attracted intense interests as drug carriers for tumor chemotherapy owing to their superior stability in comparison with the self-assembled supramolecular ones. Among them, the dendritic polymers with the polar frameworks could favour the loading of chemotherapeutic drugs rather than the hyperbranched polymers via radical polymerization, by enhancing the interaction with drugs. While the tedious synthesis procedure for dendritic polymers could be simplified with the construction principle on urethane chemistry. Here, the PEGylated dendritic polyurethanes, Ph-DPU Gly -PEG and Ph-DPU TEA -PEG, were designed with glycerol or triethanolamine as monomer, respectively. The effect of the molecular architecture of the Ph-DPU-PEGs unimolecular micelles on the controlled drug releasing performance was compared. It was found that the Ph-DPU TEA -PEG with tertiary amine as branching points could efficiently endow the pH-triggered drug release, due to its protonation.
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Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials
·
2022
·Vol. 32
·期 5
·1902-1912
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IF 3.518
Song Dongdong,He Chuang,Zhang Gang,Wang Yanlin,Liang Zuoqin,Jiang Zicheng,Ma Su
Currently, the issue of natural flammability of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) severely restrains its application. In this study, polymeric flame retardant poly methyl vinyl di (1-thio-2,6,7-trioxal-1-phosphabicyclo [2.2] octane-4-methoxy) silane (PMVDOS) with P–S–Si-based cage unit was synthesized. The UPR/PMVDOS composites were prepared by adding different ratios of PMVDOS into UPR. The flame-retardant properties and the char layer structure of UPR samples were evaluated via the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test, cone calorimeter test, scanning electron microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that UPR/PMVDOS composites reached the UL-94 V-0 rating with the LOI value of 27.8%, and the carbon residue increased from 4.9% for pure UPR to 14.9% when the content of PMVDOS was 18 wt%. The peaks of heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production were comparatively reduced. The flame-retardant mechanism of PMVDOS mainly acted on the condensed phase. The surface of the matrix was covered with the polymer containing phosphorous and silicon dioxide particles, preventing the escape of flammable volatiles and isolating the exchange of oxygen and heat, thus, the degradation of the matrix could be inhibited. This research provides a solution to improve the flame retardancy of UPR.
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