Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with urea catalyzed by Cu-SAPO-34 is an effective method to eliminate NO x from diesel exhaust . However, urea-related deposits may form during cold-start and urban driving due to low exhaust temperatures. The activity of Cu-SAPO-34 at 175°C is significantly degraded by urea exposure, and 300°C is required for regeneration. Through in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and temperature-programmed hydrolysis studies, the dominant stable deposit at 175°C is identified as biuret, which can be eliminated at 300°C. The urea-derived deactivation and regeneration mechanisms of Cu-SAPO-34 were compared with those of anatase-supported catalysts.
To improve the performance of lime mortar, ancient craftsmen often added various additives to mortars, including inorganic and organic materials. The analysis of mortar additives plays an important role in the conservation and restoration of historical buildings. However, it is quite difficult to accurately identify the species of additives. This paper proposed a series of semi-quantitative analytical procedures to identify the organic additives in ancient lime mortars. By using reagents such as phenolphthalein, periodic acid, acetylacetone, anthrone, bicinchoninic acid (BCA), iodine-potassium iodide, chloramine T, etc., organic additives such as triglyceride, soluble sugar, starch, and protein (including blood, gelatine, and other unknown proteins) remaining in ancient lime mortar were accurately detected, respectively. The linear relationship of the standard curve was significant, and the detection limits for the target additives were below 7 µg/mL. The process is easy to operate within 6 h, and it is suitable for rapid in-situ testing.