Huachao Tao,Zhenhua Hou,Lulu Zhang,Xuelin Yang,Li-Zhen Fan
Zinc metal anode has serious dendrites and corrosion issues in the mild electrolyte, which greatly hinder the commercialization of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Herein, zinc-amalgam (Zn 3 Hg) alloy anode has been prepared and displays a unique synergistic zinc plating/stripping and alloying/dealloying reaction mechanism. The ultrafast zinc ions diffusion in Zn 3 Hg and the alloying reaction of Zn 3 Hg with Zn ions effectively suppress the dendrites growth and skillfully address corrosion issues. Consequently, the Zn 3 Hg anode expresses long cycle life of 2000 h at 1 mA cm −2 /1 mAh cm −2 and exhibits the lowest voltage hysteresis of only 8.0 mV that we know so far. Even at 5 mA cm −2 /5 mAh cm −2 and 10 mA cm −2 /10 mAh cm −2 , the Zn 3 Hg anode also exhibits excellent cycling stability and low voltage hysteresis. Moreover, zinc ion capacitors composed of Zn 3 Hg anode and active carbon cathode still possess a specific capacity of 61 mAh/g after 5000 cycles at 1 A/g. The Zn 3 Hg anode enriches the varieties of zinc alloy anodes and provides a new development path for constructing stable and dendrite-free zinc metal anodes.
Aluminum (Al), with its abundance and high energy release, has attracted great interest in nanocomposite energetic systems. However, the ignition temperature and combustion performance of Al-based thermites are limited by the oxide shell coating on the Al core. A novel metal carbodiimide oxidizer has been employed to assemble thermite with superior energy release in comparison with metal-oxide-based thermite. In this work, titanium (Ti) nanoparticles have been incorporated into the Al/CuNCN system with virous mass ratio (from 0 % to 100 %) to adjust their energetic behavior in comparison with traditional Al/CuO. The component, structure and morphology of the energetic composites were charactered by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR). The temporal pressure traces and heat release of Al/Ti/CuNCN and Al/Ti/CuO composites have been measured via combustion cell and calorimetry, respectively. The over pressure of Al/30 %Ti/CuNCN reached to be 80 KPa, which is higher 9 KPa than the maximum pressure of Al/Ti/CuO. The energy release for both Al/Ti/CuNCN and Al/Ti/CuO proved to be lower than that of Al or Ti with oxides (CuO or CuNCN) owing to the alloying reaction. The high pressure of Al/Ti/CuNCN may offer the potential routes to prepare gas generators, and the results would be an essential guide in designing thermites. Besides, the metal nitrides such as AlN, TiN, Ti 9 N 3.87 were obtained in the aluminothermic reaction, providing new possible for the preparation of novel materials following a self-propagating route within one second.
Group IIIA–VA metal sulfides (GMSs) have attracted increasing attention because of their unique Na-storage mechanisms through combined conversion and alloying reactions, thus delivering large theoretical capacities and low working potentials. However, Na + diffusion within GMSs anodes leads to severe volume change, generally representing a fundamental limitation to rate capability and cycling stability. Here, monodispersed In 6 S 7 /nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon hollow microspindles (In 6 S 7 /NSC HMS) are produced by morphology-preserved thermal sulfurization of spindle-like and porous indium-based metal organic frameworks. The resulting In 6 S 7 /NSC HMS anode exhibits theoretical-value-close specific capacity (546.2 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 ), ultrahigh rate capability (267.5 mAh g −1 at 30.0 A g −1 ), high initial coulombic efficiency (≈93.5%), and ≈92.6% capacity retention after 4000 cycles. This kinetically favored In 6 S 7 /NSC HMS anode fills up the kinetics gap with a capacitive porous carbon cathode, enabling a sodium-ion capacitor to deliver an ultrahigh energy density of 136.3 Wh kg −1 and a maximum power density of 47.5 kW kg −1 . The in situ/ex situ analytical techniques and theoretical calculation both show that the robust and fast Na + charge storage of In 6 S 7 /NSC HMS arises from the multi-electron redox mechanism, buffered volume expansion, negligible morphological change, and surface-controlled solid-state Na + transport.
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