Dry acid pretreatment (DAP) as a promising process for industrial biorefinery provide an efficient bioconversion of cellulose without free wastewater, although the partial xylan and lignin degrade to inhibitors or recondense. A biorefinery strategy for carbon efficient conversion of lignocellulose into bioethanol, xylose , and reactive lignin was developed by upgrading DAP with post-hydrolysis. The results showed that lignocellulose after mild DAP (175 °C, acid dosage of 15 mg/g dry material) obtained higher xylan recovery and lower inhibitors than that of general DAP. Subsequently, post-hydrolysis, simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation were performed at solids loading of 20 wt% without detoxification and sterilization, resulting in xylose and ethanol yield of 71.8 % and 67.6 %. The fractionated lignin presented more reactive β-aryl ether linkages and less condensation than that from DAP. 66 % of lignocellulose carbon was recovered as ethanol, xylose and reactive lignin. This upgrading biorefinery strategy provided an easy-to-operate process for integrated utilization of lignocellulose.
Water is closely linked with our life and pH monitoring is of great significance to biochemistry, environment and industry. Herein, utilizing a controllable post-hydrolysis modification strategy, multilayered photonic crystal based pH sensors consist of mesoporous TiO 2 and partially hydrolyzed poly(acrylamide- N,N’ -methylene bis(acrylamide)) (P(AM-MBA)) layers are proposed. Varying pH from 4.0 to 8.5, the portable sensor transforms its color from violet to red with a linearly increased wavelength of 199 nm as the stopband generates ∼7 nm shift per 0.1 pH unit. The sensor exhibits repeatable response to pH change with a short sensing time of 0.8 s. Through goal-directed molecular regulations by the post-hydrolysis strategy, innovative dot-matrix sensor arrays with multiple sensing elements are created and present distinct color difference maps under diverse pH circumstances. And color based radar maps and PCA analysis greatly promote the detection accuracy and reliability. The dot-matrix sensors provide convenience for color-blind crowd and are applicable for use in human perspirations, suggesting promising potential in clinical applications. Furthermore, quartz crystal microbalance studies reveal the effect of the molecular regulation involving functional group and segment structure modifications on the sensing performance of the polymer based photonic materials, showcasing high reference values for future polymer-related researches.
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