We aimed to enhance the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) by synthesizing a novel, halogen-free flame retardant through a one-pot method. The synthesis utilized 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), furfurylamine (FA), and benzene propionaldehyde (BPA) as raw materials. We conducted differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis to investigate the effects of FPD on the curing process and thermal properties of EP. Our findings reveal that incorporating FPD into EP can facilitate a faster curing process and increase the carbon residue post-combustion. Specifically, the FPD/EP-7 composite demonstrates a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 34.9% and achieves a UL-94V-0 rating with a phosphorus content of 0.91wt%. These results indicate that FPD significantly enhances the thermal stability and charring rate of EP, thereby improving its flame retardancy. Although the addition of FPD slightly reduces the mechanical properties of EP, the composite material maintains excellent performance.
The sustainable production of carbamates from biomass-derived molecules provides a viable alternative to petrochemical-based production routes. In this work, we reported an efficient catalytic strategy for synthesizing bio-based furfurylmethyl carbamate (FMC) through methoxycarbonylation of furfurylamine with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) under mild conditions. A novel Pb-Ni composite oxide catalyst with high activity and stability was developed, which significantly outperformed conventional monometallic oxide catalysts. Comprehensive characterization revealed that the synergistic interaction between Pb and Ni species constructed composite oxide nanoparticles (about 11.4 nm), with Pb species highly dispersed on the NiO matrix. Consequently, highly defective structure, abundant acid-base dual sites, and a high specific surface area were concurrently formed, which were identified as critical factors for activating both nucleophilic and electrophilic reactants. Significantly, appreciable quantities of furfuryl isocyanate were detected, demonstrating the feasibility of a one-pot cascade synthesis of bio-based isocyanates from amines and DMC.
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