JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2022
·
IF 14.224
Zhaochao Deng,Songtao Hu,Leiming Tang,Lingbo Jiang,Junyu He,Keyu Shen,Yongjiu Xu,Rijin Jiang,Tiejun Li,Chunlei Chen,Bairu Chen,Hanghai Zhou,Dongdong Zhang,Jiawang Chen,Chunfang Zhang
The distribution characteristics and drivers of carbazole (CZ) and polyhalogenated carbazoles are still poorly understood. In this study, 96 samples were collected around the Zhoushan Archipelago, and their distribution characteristics were assessed. The results showed that CZ, 36-CCZ, and 36-BCZ were the top three abundant congeners in most collected samples. The bioaccumulation analysis revealed that marine plants prefer to accumulate CZ and bromocarbazoles rather than chlorocarbazoles. Both the mean concentrations of total carbazole and its derivants (ΣCZDs), as well as individual congeners, are the highest in sediments around the berthing areas of cargo ships and oil tankers . Meanwhile, ΣCZDs of these sediments are significantly influenced by the geo-weighted displacement of ships ( r = 0.61; p < 0.05), indicating the ballast water from these ships as potential contributor for marine CZDs. Moreover, the accumulation of CZ in plankton, planktonic origin of sedimentary organic matter, and relationship between CZ and C/N ratio ( p < 0.05) in sediments support the scenario that plankton absorbs and takes CZ into the sediments. These findings will promote the understanding of the sources, environmental behaviors, and fates of marine CZDs.
研究领域:
海洋生态学
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环境科学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
NATURE MATERIALS
·
2020
·Vol. 20
·期 2
·175-180
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IF 38.663
Chen Chengjian,Chi Zhenguo,Chong Kok Chan,Batsanov Andrei S.,Yang Zhan,Mao Zhu,Yang Zhiyong,Liu Bin
Commercial carbazole has been widely used to synthesize organic functional materials that have led to recent breakthroughs in ultralong organic phosphorescence 1 , thermally activated delayed fluorescence 2 , 3 , organic luminescent radicals 4 and organic semiconductor lasers 5 . However, the impact of low-concentration isomeric impurities present within commercial batches on the properties of the synthesized molecules requires further analysis. Here, we have synthesized highly pure carbazole and observed that its fluorescence is blueshifted by 54 nm with respect to commercial samples and its room-temperature ultralong phosphorescence almost disappears 6 . We discover that such differences are due to the presence of a carbazole isomeric impurity in commercial carbazole sources, with concentrations <0.5 mol%. Ten representative carbazole derivatives synthesized from the highly pure carbazole failed to show the ultralong phosphorescence reported in the literature 1 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 . However, the phosphorescence was recovered by adding 0.1 mol% isomers, which act as charge traps. Investigating the role of the isomers may therefore provide alternative insights into the mechanisms behind ultralong organic phosphorescence 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .
研究领域:
有机材料科学
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光化学
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材料化学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
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2018
·
IF 2.631
Suping Ding,Qiuxiang Yin,Wei Du,Xiaowei Sun,Guiping Li,Yafei Mao,Hongxun Hao
The separation of phenanthrene (PHE) and carbazole (CAR) has been a tough job since the formation of solid solutions. Development of new separation strategy for PHE-CAR mixture highly depends on their phase equilibrium behaviour. In this work, ternary phase diagrams of phenanthrene (PHE) and carbazole (CAR) in dimethylformamide (DMF), acetone, acetonitrile (MeCN) and toluene at T = 308.15 K under normal atmosphere were determined through wet residue method. It was found that PHE-rich solid solution α was formed in the particular composition range of PHE-end. On the contrary, no CAR-rich solid solution was formed in CAR-end. These results were further verified through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on the ternary phase diagrams, a difference coefficient of solubility ( Ds ) was put forward to assist screening and evaluation of solvents for solution crystallization. Among the four tested solvents, toluene is the most suitable one for separating PHE-CAR mixture.
研究领域:
化学工程
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
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2020
·
IF 2.627
Cui-Ping Ye,Ya-Fei Qiao,Rui-Nan Wang,Wen-Ying Li
To identify the effect of solvents and anthracene on the purification of carbazole, the solvent crystallization of carbazole was investigated with xylene, chlorobenzene and tetrachloroethylene (TCE) as solvents under two forced circulation cooling (FCC) modes. The co-crystalline experimental data were obtained from runs carried out at different anthracene levels between 1% (mass) and 10% (mass). The results showed that a uniform flake carbazole crystal obtained when using xylene and chlorobenzene under the FCC-1 mode with gradual cooling rate. Nevertheless, fine flake crystals grown under shock cooling of FCC-2 mode. It is beneficial to improving the purity of carbazole with chlorobenzene as solvent under cooling mode of FCC-1. Anthracene could promote the growth of carbazole in solution, and it has a significant influence on the purification of carbazole.
研究领域:
化学工程
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材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
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2025
·
IF 4.7
Wanting Guo,Christian Marcus Pedersen,Zhihui Liu,Wenbo Dong,Lingyu Jia,Shuwei Chen,Yingxiong Wang,Yan Qiao
Carbazole (CAR) and anthracene (AN) are high value compounds derived from coal tar, but their separation is challenging due to their structural similarity. Promising results, using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the separation, have recently been obtained. However, choosing the optimal DESs for the separation of CAR and AN is difficult due to a lack of knowledge about the interaction of DESs with CAR and AN. Herein, the interactions between CAR and AN with seven DESs containing ethylene glycol (EG) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The interaction between CAR and tetrabutylammonium chloride/ ethylene glycol (TBAC/EG) was investigated using various NMR methods such as chemical shift titration, variable temperature NMR (VT-NMR), relaxation time measurements and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY). From the chemical shift differences of the N H proton of CAR, a strong interaction between CAR and the DES consisting of TBAC and EG, was revealed. TBAC/EG was therefore proposed as a promising solvent for the separation of CAR and AN. In addition, VT-NMR showed that the hydrogen bonding interaction between CAR and TBAC/EG increased with decreasing temperature. The changes in relaxation time (T 1 , T 2 ), molecular correlation time (τ c ) and the molecular self-diffusion coefficients (D) supported the existence of interactions between CAR and TBAC/EG, presumably dominated by hydrogen bonding between the N H and the chloride ion. This study introduces an efficient method for screening solvents to separating CAR and AN, and it can also be applied to other fields of separating complex mixtures.
研究领域:
化学
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分离科学
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
Industrial Chemistry & Materials
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2022
·Vol. 1
·期 2
·240-246
·
IF 0
Hui Cao,Mengyu Dou,Zexiang Lyu,Yingxiong Wang,Christian Marcus Pedersen,Yan Qiao
Carbazole and anthracene, two aromatic hydrocarbon components contained in coal tar, are used as essential organic intermediates to synthesize various carbazole derivatives and anthraquinones. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a commonly used solvent to extract carbazole from crude mixtures of carbazole and anthracene. However, the interaction between carbazole/anthracene and DMF in the extraction process is still to be fully understood at the molecular level. In this work, the intermolecular interaction of carbazole/anthracene with DMF was investigated using various NMR techniques, including 1H NMR titration, variable temperature NMR spectroscopy (VT-NMR), Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY), and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY). The observed 1H chemical shift changes of carbazole indicated strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds between carbazole and DMF, which was further supported by the decrease in the molecular self-diffusion coefficients (D) of both carbazole and DMF according to DOSY measurements. Moreover, NOESY experiments revealed that the distance between the aldehydic hydrogen of DMF and the N–H of carbazole was smaller than 5 Å. Accordingly, an intermolecular hydrogen bond between carbazole and DMF in the form of CO⋯H–N was proposed. This research increases our knowledge about the separation process of carbazole and anthracene and hence helps improve the methods.
Keywords: NMR; Carbazole; Separation; Intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
研究领域:
化学
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有机化学
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分析化学
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DOI
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
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2022
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IF 6.633
Xudong Zhang,Wenbo Zhao,Jun Shen,Yugao Wang,Gang Liu,Yanxia Niu,Qingtao Sheng
Carbazole is an important organic chemical raw material with high added value, mainly derived from crude anthracene. In this research, three quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), containing triethylmethylammonium chloride (TEMAC), tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) and tetrapropylammonium chloride (TPAC), were innovatively used to separate carbazole from model anthracene oil by forming deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The results indicated that TEAC showed the highest separation ability among three QASs. Afterwards, the influences of mass ratio of TEAC to model anthracene oil (MO), stirring time, extraction temperature and initial concentration on the separation effect of carbazole were investigated. Under the optimized conditions (25℃, 25 min, mass ratio 1:5), the extraction efficiency (EE), distribution coefficient (DI) and selectivity (SE) of carbazole could reach up to 91.25 %, 24.26 and 66.09 %, respectively. The purity and yield of carbazole product separated from model anthracene oil were 91.02 % and 76.89 %, respectively. Moreover, carbazole with purity of 90.42 % could be separated from real crude anthracene with TEAC under the above optimized conditions. In addition, environment friendly water was used to regenerate the TEAC. After recycled for five times, the extraction ability of TEAC for carbazole did not change obviously. Finally, the hydrogen bond (N H…Cl) and van der Waals interaction (C H…π) existed between QASs and carbazole were revealed by FT-IR analysis and quantum calculations. The green and novel method presented in this work has implications for the separation of other high value-added products from coal tar.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
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DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
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2020
·Vol. 12
·期 9
·2048
·
IF 3.426
Yiwu Liu,Ao Tang,Jinghua Tan,Xianqing Zhao,Chengliang Chen,Ding Wu,Yuhui Li,Pan He,Hailiang Zhang
A high-barrier polyimide (2,7-CPI) was synthesized through the polymerization of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and a novel diamine (2,7-CDA) containing carbazole moiety. The synthesized diamine and polyimide were fully characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR and NMR. The 2,7-CPI displays very attractive barrier performances, with oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) low to 0.14 cm3·m−2·day−1and 0.05 g·m−2·day−1, respectively. Meanwhile, 2,7-CPI also exhibits exceptional thermal stability with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 467 °C, 5% weight-loss temperature (Td5%) of 550 °C under N2and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 3.4 ppm/K. The barrier performances of 2,7-CPI are compared with those of a structural analogue (2,7-CPPI) and a typical polyimide (Kapton). Their barrier performances with respect to microstructure were investigated by molecular simulations, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The results show that 2,7-CPI possesses better coplanar structure and more number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds among the three PIs, which result in tight chain packing and thereby high crystallinity, low free volume, and decreased chains mobility. That is, the high crystallinity and low free volume of 2,7-CPI reduce the diffusion and solubility of gases. Meanwhile, the poor chains mobility further decreases the gases diffusion. The reduced diffusion and solubility of gases consequently promote the improvement of barrier properties for 2,7-CPI. The polyimide has a wide application prospect in the field of flexible electronic packaging industries.Keywords:polyimide;carbazole;barrier properties;molecular simulations
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Energy Materials
·
2024
·
IF 5.4
Ning Xie,Tao Wang,Haowei Kang,Yiting Liu,Xinli Li,Qiang Weng,Xingming Ning,Pei Chen,Xinbing Chen,Zhongwei An
High-performance anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have garnered increasing attention in recent years. However, commercial progress of the AEM for fuel cells is still hindered by its low ionic conductivity and inadequate alkaline stability. In this study, we propose the incorporation of a hydrophobic rigid-flexible coupled side chain into a polycarbazolyl AEM as an innovative approach to enhance both the conductivity and stability. The results demonstrate that the AEMs with hydrophobic rigid-flexible coupled side chains exhibit superior conductivity and stability compared with those without (PQMC-0). For example, the ion exchange capacity of PQMC-10 is reduced by 11% than PQMC-0, but its conductivity is enhanced by 14%, dimensional change is decreased by almost half, and oxidative stability is increased by more than four times. Improved conductivity of the AEMs can be attributed to the presence of hydrophobic rigid-flexible coupled side chains, making it easier for AEM to construct microphase separation to facilitate ion transport. Furthermore, the introduction of hydrophobic side chains reduces water absorption of the membrane, thereby enhancing its dimensional stability while minimizing the intake of free radicals or hydroxide ions present in water. Consequently, this modification significantly improves the oxidative and alkaline stability as well. Finally, the PQMC-10 shows a maximum power density of 649 mW cm–2 in a single fuel cell, which is three times bigger than that of PQMC-0, indicating a promising application in the field of fuel cells.
研究领域:
材料科学
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能源科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
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2024
·
IF 8.1
Xudong Zhang,Yang Deng,Yanhua Liu,Fan Yang,Yugao Wang,Jun Shen
Carbazole is a highly value-added compound derived from crude anthracene. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been extensively used as promising green solvents for the separation of target compounds from mixture. In this work, 135 acidic DESs, formed by combining 9 quaternary ammonium salts with 15 common acids, were screened based on the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) model. The four top-ranked DESs, including tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC)/2 acetic acid (AA), TEAC/2 propionic acid (PA), tetrapropylammonium chloride (TPAC)/2AA, and TPAC/2PA were identified as suitable extractants for carbazole separation based on their performance index (PI). Among them, TEAC/2AA had the best separation performance for carbazole due to its highest PI value (1448.19). Liquid–liquid extraction experiments were performed, and the results were in good accordance with those predicted by COSMO-RS calculations. Therefore, TEAC/2AA was determined as the most promising DES for the carbazole separation. The extraction conditions of TEAC/2AA were optimized. The extraction efficiency (EE) and selectivity (SE) of carbazole were 97.67 % and 66.64 %, respectively, under the optimal extraction conditions (25 ℃, 5 min of extraction time, DES-oil mass ratio of 1:5, initial carbazole concentration of 5000 ppm). Additionally, the deionized water was employed to regenerate the DES and recovery of carbazole. The recycling performance of promising DES was also investigated. Finally, quantum chemical calculations and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis were conducted to explore the separation mechanism. The results indicated that the separation of carbazole by DESs were predominantly dominated by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interaction. This work provided a valuable reference for the selection and design of DES extractants to separate other high value-added components from mixture.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
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DOI
高影响因子
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
·
2015
·
IF 4.494
Shengnan Shi,Yuanyuan Qu,Hao Zhou,Qiao Ma,Fang Ma
Arthrobacter sp. W1 was used to characterize the pathways involved in cometabolic degradation of carbazole (CA) with phenol as the primary substrate. To clarify the upper pathway of cometabolic degradation CA, Escherichia coli strain BL21 expressing phenol hydroxylase from strain W1 (PH IND ) was investigated to degrade CA. Firstly, CA was initially monohydroxylated at C-2 and C-4 positions to produce 2- and 4-hydroxycarbazole, followed by successively hydroxylated to the corresponding 1,2- and 3,4-dihydroxycarbazole, of which 3,4-dihydroxycarbazole was unequivocally identified for the first time. To characterize the downstream cometabolic degradation CA pathway, purified 3,4-dihydroxycarbazole was used as the substrate for phenol-grown W1, and a series of novel indole derivatives were identified. These results suggested that a novel pathway of CA catabolism was employed by strain W1 via a successive hydroxylation and meta -cleavage pathway. These findings provide new insights into the cometabolic degradation CA process and have potential applications in biotechnology and bioremediation.
研究领域:
微生物学
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环境科学
·
生物技术
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DOI
高影响因子
WATER RESEARCH
·
2023
·
IF 12.8
Meng Zhang,Kunde Lin
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been widely detected in the marine environment, their origin is far from clear. In this study, the formation of PHCZs in the chlorination of seawater containing carbazole and its derivatives was investigated. A total of 14 PHCZs including six commonly found and eight unknown congeners were identified in the chlorination of seawater with carbazole. In addition, this study for the first time demonstrated the production of common PHCZs from the chlorination of seawater with 3-methyl carbazole and 3-formyl carbazole, especially 1,8-dibromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole from 3-methyl carbazole. The formation of PHCZs in the reaction resulted from the halogenation of carbazole by reactive chlorine species (RCS) and mainly reactive bromine species (RBS), forming from the oxidation of bromide by RCS. Results also indicated that the reaction followed a successive halogenation pattern. A higher content of free chlorine and bromide facilitated the generation of RBS, while a higher concentration of DOC exhibited an inhibitory effect. The effects of free chlorine, bromide, DOC, and temperature on the formation of PHCZs were congener-specific. Given the widespread use of chlorination in seawater disinfection, seawater chlorination might be a potential source of PHCZs in the marine environment.
研究领域:
环境化学
·
海洋科学
·
水处理
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）