CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Ao Zhou,Dan Zhang,Zhihong Liu,Zhiyong Liu
With the retirement of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) entering peak period, the recycling of LiCoO 2 has become a hot topic. The spent LiCoO 2 batteries are rich in carcinogenic metal Co and high-value metal Li, so they are needed to be recovered in time before causing serious environmental pollution and resource waste. Thus, a clean and efficient process is proposed for the comprehensive recovery of Li, Co, and Mn from the spent LiCoO 2 cathode material. It is an integrated pyro-hydrometallurgical process, mainly consisting of sulfation roasting with NH 4 HSO 4 and selective sulfurizing leaching with (NH 4 ) 2 S solution. Using low melting point ammonium salt as roasting auxiliary, 99.7 %, 99.1 %, and 99.8 % of Li, Co, and Mn in the spent LiCoO 2 powder can be converted into sulfate when roasting under 400 ℃ for 75 min. Then 99.5 % of Li in the sulfation roasting product can be selectively leached with an aqueous (NH 4 ) 2 S solution, which is also a precipitator for Co, Mn, and impurity Al. In addition, 96.4 % of Co and 96.0 % of Mn in the sulfurized precipitate can be separated with impurity elements Al and C via oxidation roasting–water leaching process. Compared to traditional recycling, this method can achieve a higher Li leaching rate at a low roasting temperature, and the recovery of Co and Mn can be realized without adding any acid/base reagents or impurity cations. More importantly, the circulation of NH 3 /NH 4 + and S element in the recycling system has been taken into account, making it an environmental-friendly and economical process. In this study, the sulfation reduction roasting and selective sulfurizing leaching mechanisms were both revealed in details, and the behavior of the valuable elements was also elucidated.
研究领域:
环境科学
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冶金工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Qing Zhang,Naiqian Sun,Weiguang Lv,Yue Wang,Zhi Sun
In the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, pretreatment is an essential step to separate cathode materials from aluminum current collectors. However, it is typically energy-intensive, with high chemicals consumption and metal loss. In this research, we demonstrate a sustainable and straightforward strategy to acheive stepwise recovery of Li and transition metals without pretreatment step. In a mildly acidic hydrothermal environment, the interaction between aluminum current collectors and cathode materials results in the formation of AlO(OH) interlayers, which preserves the sandwich-like structure of the leaching residue while lithium can be selectively recovered. In the leaching residue, the cathode materials are transformed into a low-valence transition metal hydroxides, which are more easily to be reacted than the passivated aluminum foil and other impure compounds (e.g. binder, TiO 2 and other oxide additives etc.) under mild acidic solutions. As a result, the transition elements i.e. Ni, Co, Mn can be selectively recovered. Therefore, 90.0 % of Li and more than 95.0 % of transition metals are successfully recycled, with Al and other impure compounds being conserved in the leaching residue. This research proves it is possible to achieve selective metal recovery while skiping the pretreatment step and offers new perspectives on the recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOM
·
2020
·Vol. 72
·期 9
·3179-3185
·
IF 2.054
Wang Xun,Jiao Fen,Qin Wenqing,Li Zihan,Wang Na,Liu Wei,Yang Congren
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are an essential component in electronic waste (e-waste), and contain a number of valuable metals (e.g., Cu, Sn) as well as non-metal resources (e.g., brominated epoxy resin). Currently, most of the non-metals are disposed of in landfills, causing environmental problems. In this study, a combination of pyrolysis and physical separation is proposed to recover valuable resources, including both metals and non-metals, from WPCBs. The WPCBs were pyrolyzed at 700°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Pyrolysis oil and gas can be reused as fuel for the pyrolysis of WPCBs. Metals like copper, tin, and iron in the pyrolysis residues were separated by selective crushing, sieving, gravity separation, and magnetic separation. Finally, rich copper (Cu 82.21%, Sn 1.47%), rich tin (Cu 53.20%, Sn 13.43%), rich iron (Fe > 63%), and non-metal products were obtained, and the total recoveries of copper, tin, and iron were 95%, 86%, and 76%, respectively.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
资源循环利用
·
冶金工程
·
固体废物处理
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清洁生产技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOM
·
2022
·Vol. 74
·期 5
·1934-1944
·
IF 2.597
Liu Peiwen,Fei Zitong,Zhang Yingjie,Dong Peng,Meng Qi,Yang Xi
Developing a green and efficient approach for recovering Li from cathode materials is important in recycling spent LiFePO 4 batteries. A facile and efficient oxidation process was developed to selectively recover Li from spent LiFePO 4 batteries. The common oxidant NaClO was used to avoid using acid or alkali in the leaching process. The leaching rate of Li reached 99.8% under the selective optimal leaching conditions of 0.54 mol/l NaClO, leaching time 60 min, leaching temperature 60°C and solid–liquid ratio 1 g/l. The high leaching efficiency can be ascribed to the combination of oxidability and high pH value of the NaClO solution. Meanwhile, leaching and precipitation were carried out simultaneously in this process, which promoted the leaching reaction. High performance LiFePO 4 /C was resynthesized using the recovered products. The specific capacity of the first discharge at 1 C was 147.1 mAh/g and the capacity retention rate at 1 C was 97.55% after 200 cycles. The oxidation approach is acid free and has low energy consumption for green recovery of spent LiFePO 4 batteries.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境科学
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能源技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Chengsi Hou,Shuai Peng,Zhengwei Zhou,Longqian Xu,Yue Wang,Jianfeng Zhu,Pan Zhang,Zuofeng Chen,Zhendong Lei,Deli Wu
Flow Electrode Capacitance Deionization (FCDI) has been frequently used for NH 4 + recovery from wastewater as a low-energy, high-efficiency electrochemical technique. However, issues such as high cost (mainly due to the use of ion-exchange membranes) and weak selectivity have limited the expansion of their applications. In this study, SDS-AC was prepared and applied in microfiltration membrane FCDI (MFFCDI) to recover ammonia (NH 4 + ). The material characterization results showed that the surfactant was stably loaded on the AC surface, and the adsorption capacity of modified AC for NH 4 + was greatly enhanced. During the recovery process, NH 4 + migrated to the electrode chamber and immobilized on the SDS-AC, while Na + migrated to the electrode chamber and then released to the desalination chamber due to co-ion repulsion. Based on this principle, selective recovery of NH 4 + was achieved (selectivity = 3.51). At the end of the recovery, more than 70 % of the NH 4 + was immobilized on the SDS-AC and the NH 4 + could be desorbed with NaOH. The results of the recycling experiments showed good stability of the SDS-AC-based MFFCDI system, and the recovery of food waste fermentation liquor demonstrated that the system could realize the selective recovery of NH 4 + from complex feed water. In summary, the SDS-AC-based MFFCDI technology has great potential for the application of NH 4 + recovery from wastewater. Although the scale of this study was limited to the laboratory stage, it still shows potential for application in engineering. In the future, larger scale applications in engineering will be carried out and the environmental and economic benefits of the technology will be assessed through a full life cycle analysis.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
电化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH & DESIGN
·
2023
·
IF 3.9
Jiguang Huang,Haiping Chen,Jihao Yang,Ziwei Du,Heng Zhang,Zhaohao Li
Transport membrane condenser can efficiently recover water and heat from wet flue gas . Ceramic membrane is the heat and mass transfer medium in the process. However, the relationship between membrane property and the recovery performance is only partially reported based on current research state. This work focuses on the effects of permeability, material, and ceramic particle size of membrane on the water and heat recovery. Membranes were prepared from three different sizes of coal fly ash and an alumina powder. Water and heat recovery performances of the membranes are experimentally compared. Results indicate that increasing membrane permeability improves water and heat recovery because the resistance of heat and mass transfer is reduced. The alumina membrane performs 3–10% more water recovery than the coal fly ash-based membrane while thermal conductivity of the alumina membrane was 11.5 times that of the coal fly ash-based membrane. Increasing ceramic particle size shows two opposite effects on the water and heat recovery, promotion because of the permeability rising, and undermine because of the thermal conductivity reduction. Low-cost membranes with high permeability and high thermal conductivity are recommended in transport membrane condenser application.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
WASTE MANAGEMENT
·
2025
·
IF 7.1
Tong Li,Jiapeng Zhang,Lingxin Kong,Baoqiang Xu,Bin Yang
With the continuous expansion of lithium-ion battery market, the demand for LiCoO 2 remains high and continues to increase annually. However, improper disposal of waste LiCoO 2 batteries causes significant pollution to the environment and waste of resources. This study proposes a novel vacuum carbothermal reduction–vacuum distillation (VCR-VD) method to recover cobalt and lithium oxide from the mixed electrode material of waste batteries. The effects of holding time on the weight loss rate of the raw material, and the effects of holding temperature and carbon content on the purity and direct yield of Co, were investigated to determine the optimal process and parameters. Under the conditions of a reduction temperature of 1500 K, holding time of 3 h, and carbon content of 26.89 wt.% in the raw material, Co with a purity of 95.55 wt.% and a direct yield of 92.4 % was obtained. Simultaneously, Li 2 O with a purity of 98.94 wt.% and a direct yield of 95 % was recovered. This chemical reagent-free process achieves full recovery of waste LiCoO 2 batteries within a short processing time. The experimental results provide a new idea and theoretical support for the industrial-scale recovery of waste lithium-ion batteries.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
冶金工程
·
材料回收
·
清洁能源技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE
·
2025
·
IF 2
Xue Jianyu,Li Yingchun,Wang Wensheng,Yuan Chengke,Mi Jia,Zhang Yinzhu
Recycled acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (rABS) and recycled high impact polystyrene (rHIPS) are vital components of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) plastics, playing crucial roles in the recycling process. This paper utilized sodium chlorite (NaClO 2 ) to modify the surfaces of rABS and rHIPS, followed by flotation to separate the two types of plastics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) test confirmed that the number of hydrophilic groups introduced on the rABS surface was more than that of rHIPS after surface modification. Through contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), it was confirmed that the modification on the rABS sample surface altered its microstructure and enhanced its surface wettability. The sodium chlorite concentration, modification temperature, and modification time significantly affected the floating percentage of rABS and rHIPS. The optimal surface modification conditions were determined to be a sodium chlorite concentration of 0.08 mol L -1 , a modification temperature of 70 °C, and a modification time of 60 min. Under these conditions, efficient separation of rABS and rHIPS was achieved, with floating percentage of 3.62 and 96.39%, respectively. Therefore, surface modification using sodium chlorite can be utilized to facilitate the flotation separation of rABS and rHIPS.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 9
Boxiong Zhang,Wenxiong Dong,Yaowu Wang,Xiaomeng Cao,Jianping Peng,Yuezhong Di,Buju Guo,Zhongyu An,Jiaoyang Xia
Alkaline zinc–manganese batteries are the most used disposable batteries in the world and cannot be recharged. Spent alkaline zinc–manganese batteries are mainly disposed of in landfills, and the resulting enrichment of the soil with potassium(K), zinc(Zn), and manganese(Mn) pollutes the groundwater and wastes valuable resources. Herein, a process for the treatment of used alkaline zinc(Zn)–manganese(Mn) batteries that involved water leaching, calcination, and vacuum aluminothermic reduction was developed. Investigation of the elemental migration process and reaction mechanism showed that the purity of potassium carbonate(K 2 CO 3 ) reached 99 % with 92.1 % recovery at a water leaching temperature of 60 °C and time of 25 min. The leaching slag was calcined at 700 °C for 1 h to obtain calcined slag with zinc oxide (ZnO), manganese(III) oxide (Mn 2 O 3 ), and manganese(II) oxide (MnO) as the main phases. When the calcined slag was reduced with aluminum powder, the recovery rate of Zn reached 99.7 % at a reduction temperature of 1100 °C, reduction time of 2 h, and ratio of aluminum powder to calcined slag of 1.5:1. Under these conditions, Mn was recovered in the form of Al 6 Mn alloy, and the main phase of the remaining reduced slag was alumina. In this study, potassium and metallic zinc were separated and recovered, and at the same time, an aluminum(Al)–manganese(Mn) alloy was prepared. The developed environmentally friendly and emission-free process enables the efficient recycling of the valuable resources K, Zn, and Mn, resulting in cleaner battery disposal.
研究领域:
冶金学
·
环境工程
·
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
电池技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 9
Wensen Liu,Yuxiang Du,Lanxuan Wei,Xiaolin Peng,Yaoxian Hu,Binbin Zhou,Yan Li,Shenghuan Liu,Zhaowu Zhu,Hui Su
Solvation extraction (metal extraction via a solvation mechanism) enables the recovery of multiple metal ions (e.g., Li, Co(II), Zn, Mn(II)) from chloride solutions without alkali consumption or waste production. However, effective alkali-free Ni(II) extraction reagents are lacking, leading to obstacles throughout the recovery route. In this study, three pyridine carboxamides, namely, N-2-ethylhexylpyridine-3-formamide (MEH3), N-2-ethylhexylpyridine-4-formamide (MEH4), and N, N-bis(isooctyl)pyridine-4-carboxamide (DH4) were used to extract Ni(II) and Co(II) without pH adjustment, and the results showed that the order of extraction ability for Ni(II) is MEH3 > MEH4 > DH4. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the extraction ability of Ni(II) may be related to the binding energies of the Ni(II) complexes. The MEH3 system was selected as the optimal choice for Ni and Co recovery from the chloride leaching solutions of the NCM battery materials. Using 178.8 g/L Mn(II) as a salting-out agent, >99 % Ni(II) and 99 % Co(II) were extracted in three-stage batch continuous tests at an O/A ratio of 7:1. The concentrations of Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Cu(II) in the organic phase during the first stage were 3.9, 1.7, 1.1, and 0.3 g/L, respectively, and Ca, Mg, and Al impurities were barely extracted. Ni(II) and Co(II) were stripped using deionised water. Under an O/A of 15:1, the single-stage stripping efficiency of Ni(II) and Co(II) reached 88.5 % and 98.3 %, respectively, with concentrations reaching 47.0 and 7.5 g/L, respectively. Mn(II) and Li in the solution were co-extracted and recovered using a TBP (tributyl phosphate) /FeCl 3 extraction system. Based on these results, a closed-loop process for recovering Ni, Co, and Mn from spent NCM battery materials is proposed.
研究领域:
冶金
·
环境工程
·
化学工程
·
材料科学
·
可持续技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Lin-Jiang Zhong,Shu-Jie Hu,Di Wu,Meng-Yue Zhang,Hong Liu,Yuan Liu
Both the sustainable development and environmental protection urge a demand of new paradigm to recover high-quality nutrients from source-separated urine, but the simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen is difficult due to the complex composition. Herein, a coupled system consisting of a flow-electrode capacitive desalination and magnesium-air fuel cell (FCDI-MAFC) was proposed to accomplish electrochemical selective separation plus induced precipitation. The results showed that ionic species in urine were effectively separated from the non-ionic components to generate a urea solution with purity up to 99.7%. Ionic species were converted into artificial phosphate ores (APOs) with a phosphate content of 98.2%. The mass proportion of struvite in the APOs exceeded 90%. The energy consumption also decreased by 13% over five batches of operation. The overall results provide a novel method for the electrochemical selective separation and recovery of high-quality nutrients from complex wastewater.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
资源回收
·
电化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
·
2019
·
IF 4.384
Wenying Guo,Sihai Zhang,Nengwu Zhu,Deliang Luo,Pingxiao Wu
In this study, a strategy was developed to directly recover high-purity Ag and other metals (especially Cu) from WECs to reduce the leaching of precious metals and promote the leaching of Cu and other metals. The results of SEM, EDS, XRD and ICP-OES clearly suggested that Ag and Cu were effectively released from WECs below 0.15 mm size, which contributed to the regulation of metals crystal types. The zero-valent copper from WECs was changed by roasting to form CuO and Cu 2 O, and the suitable samples of roasting at 400 °C for 3 h were confirmed experimentally. After the leaching processing under H 2 SO 4 (1 M) and H 2 O 2 (30%), the roasted particles were directly obtained, including Ag with 99.53 wt.% purity and more than 99.99% recovered, and Cu, Sn, Ni and Zn extracted by 99.67%, 90.71%, 73.05% and 99.32%, respectively. However, the unroasted particles would generate lower grade of Ag because other metals (e.g. Cu, Sn, Ni and Zn) were difficult to be leached from WECs. The leaching solution primarily included Cu ions (98.3%) and a little of the nickel (0.83%) and tin (0.86%) ions, which could recover copper by evaporation crystallization to form CuSO 4 (99.48 wt. %). The reaction mechanism of the process could be concluded that the copper state was transformed by mechanical separation and roasting to promote the leaching of various metals from Ag.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）