Haiyan Wang,Zhenyu Yang,Shuxia Wang,Huwei Wu,Xuehong Pang,Yichun Hu,Xiaoguang Yang
Objectives: This study sought to understand the levels of vitamin K in the mature milk of Chinese lactating mothers, thereby providing a foundation for the development of appropriate intake (AI) of vitamin K for infants aged 0–5 months. Methods: Five hundred healthy lactating mothers were selected from the mature milk bank established by the Chinese Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Health Cohort by using a simple random sample procedure. Relevant information about lactating mothers and their infants was obtained by a questionnaire survey. Vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 (MK-4 and MK-7) in mature milk were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The total concentration of vitamin K in mature milk was 4.50 (2.85–6.33) ng/mL. The concentrations of vitamin K1, vitamin K2, MK-4, and MK-7 were 2.81 (1.66–4.39) ng/mL, 1.37 (0.75–2.11) ng/mL, 1.20 (0.58–1.97) ng/mL, and 0.13 (0.08–0.19) ng/mL, respectively. The concentration of vitamin K1 was highest and the concentration of MK-7 was lowest. The concentrations of vitamin K2 and MK-4 in mature milk from the south were significantly higher than those in mature milk from the north. The total vitamin K, vitamin K2, and MK-4 concentrations in mature milk of lactating mothers residing in urban areas were higher than those in rural areas. There was a tendency for the concentration of total vitamin K and vitamin K1 to increase with the mother’s age. Moreover, the concentration of MK-4 in mature milk was highest in summer, followed by spring and winter. The levels of vitamin K1 and MK-4 in mature milk were found to be affected by lactation stage; they were highest at 91–120 days and lowest at 31–60 days. Conclusions: Based on the concentration of vitamin K in mature milk found in this study, it is recommended that the appropriate intake of VK for Chinese infants aged 0–5 months is 3.49 μg/d (2.18 μg/d for VK1 and 1.06 μg/d for VK2).
This study investigated the difference of nutrient composition in Caulerpa lentillifera collected from different regions. The nutrient compositions of C. lentillifera from China’s Hainan and Shandong provinces were determined and compared with those from Semporna (Malaysia), Sabah (Malaysia), Petchburi (Thailand), and two other species of seaweeds (Malaysia). The results showed that the polysaccharide and protein contents of C. lentillifera from Hainan (44.82%±0.98% and 12.5% ±0.70%), Shandong (43.22% ±1.42% and 14.7% ±0.72%), Petchburi (59.27%±2.31% and 12.49%±0.30%), and Sabah (44.02%±2.01% and 19.38%± 1.48%) were higher than those of Eucheuma cottonii (26.49%±3.01% and 9.76%±1.33%) and Sargassum polycystum (33.49%± 1.70% and 5.40% ± 0.07%), respectively. The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in C. lentillifera from Hainan (29.98%) and Shandong (22.11%) were higher than that in Semporna (16.76% ± 0.27%), Sabah (9.49%), and S. polycystum (20.34% ±0.43%), but lower than that in E. cottonii (51.55% ± 0.57%). In Caulerpa lentillifera of Hainan and Shandong provinces, the essential amino acid (EAA)/total amino acid (TAA) ratios were 35.22% and 38.78%, respectively; and the EAA/ETAA ratios were 54.36% and 63.35%, respectively. The EAA composition of C. lentillifera was close to the ideal model of Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. C. lentillifera was rich in mineral elements, including calcium ((3315.85 ±127.55) mg (100 g) −1 and (3728.35 ±92.38) mg (100 g) −1 ), magnesium ((6715.74 ± 82.58) mg (100 g) −1 and (8128.59 ± 242.72) mg (100 g) −1 ), and trace elements, including iron ((510.65 ±5.47) mg (100 g) −1 and (1972.97 ±183.35) mg (100 g) −1 ), selenium ((1.04 ±0.08) mg (100 g) −1 and (0.83 ±0.15) mg (100 g) −1 ), and zinc ((33.90 ±0.13) mg (100 g) −1 and (11.75 ±2.05) mg (100 g) −1 ). These results showed that C. lentillifera was more nutritious than S. polycystum or E. cottonii in terms of polysaccharide, protein, and fatty acid contents. Furthermore, both C. lentillifera species collected from Hainan and Shandong provinces show more basic nutrients. Therefore, C. lentillifera has important development and application prospects.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）