JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
·
2014
·
IF 1.111
Mingyuan Sun,Jiqiang Zou,Hui Zhang,Bingjian Zhang
In this work, a new hydrogel designed for water-sensitive artifacts especially for China Dunhuang mural was synthesized to remove the ineffective conservation materials on mural surface. The reversible rate of each conservation material was measured based on hydrogel cleaning. It was found that the gel filled with cleaning agents showed excellent performance over the empty gel. Besides, it was more environment-friendly without mechanical damage to the sensitive surface and easier to control the cleaning process compared with pure organic solvent cleaning. 3D microscopic system confirmed the cleaning effects both visually and quantitatively. The best “conservation material-cleaning agent” pairs and their reversible rates were obtained, which were “ParaloidB72---P-xylene + ethyl acetate---80%”, “polyvinyl acetate---P-xylene + ethyl acetate---40%”, “acrylic---P-xylene---44%”, “silicone---P-xylene + 1-Pentanol---55%”. It was also found that the reversible rates of the conservation materials declined after aging.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Crystals
·
2022
·Vol. 12
·期 3
·351
·
IF 2.67
Wendi Yu,Lu Yang,Jing Zhao,Hongjie Luo
The transport and crystallization processes of chromogenic 5.0% CuSO4solution in the supporting body and coarse plaster of simulated wall painting samples were observed. A scanning electron microscope a and self-designed double-layer surface contact internal pressure method were used to test, respectively, the micro-morphologies of salt crystals in different regions and the micro-forces on the contact surfaces during the spread and crystallization of water and salt solution. The results demonstrate that the salt crystals formed by the CuSO4solution on the surface of the simulated wall painting showed two different shapes: a salt belt formed by clustered crystals, and a layer of salt crust. The difference was speculated to be related to the crystals’ growth conditions. The destructive effect of salt solution and salt crystals on wall paintings manifested itself by weakening the connectivity between different materials, and changing the volume and morphology of the wall paintings. Using the double-layer surface contact internal pressure method, the forces generated by the salt solution and salt crystals on the simulated wall paintings were demonstrated to be adsorption force, expansion force generated by the crystals’ precipitation and growth, and suction force resulting from water loss and the shrinkage of crystals. The expansion force and suction force were not in a stable state, resulting in the contact surfaces continuously bending and stretching. Compared with pure water, salt solution can aggravate damage to the stability of wall paintings. This analysis of the transport, crystallization and micro-forces of a chromogenic salt solution in simulated wall painting samples can provide a scientific basis for studying the general patterns of damage caused by soluble salt to wall paintings during its transport and crystallization, and provide insight that can further the protection of cultural relics.Keywords:chromogenic salt solution;simulated wall painting;transport and crystallization;micro-force
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS
·
2019
·Vol. 25
·期 3
·822-829
·
IF 2.673
Wu Meng,Zou Xinhui,Zhang Bingjian,Zhao Fan,Xie Zhenbin
Tibetan mural samples from the Jiazhaer mountain cave were studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). Samples containing protein binders were first identified using ELISA, and then IFM was used to determine the location of protein binders. Using these methods, we discovered gelatin and casein in samples from wall murals, distributed in both red and black pigments. We excluded the possibility of contamination by conducting further experiments where simulated samples were spiked with milk. We conclude that both gelatin and casein were used as binders in the pigments of the Tibetan Buddhist murals in the Jiazhaer (Transliteration from Tibetan) mountain cave. This is the first evidence of casein being used as a binder in Chinese mural pigments.
研究领域:
考古学
·
免疫学
·
文物保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Processes
·
2023
·Vol. 11
·期 5
·1403
·
IF 3.5
Min Luo,Peng Bo,Yang Shao,Zhiming Liu,Diandou Xu,Lingling Ma
Murals are one of the important cultural heritages of mankind. The microbial control of murals is an important subject in mural painting conservation. In recent years, electron beam radiation sterilization has attracted more and more attention in the field of cultural relic protection. Murals are immovable cultural relics, so conventional electron beam irradiation equipment can not be used. However, the development of small mobile electron beam irradiation equipment shows the potential of radiation’s application in the sterilization protection of immovable cultural relics such as murals. A feasibility study of radiation sterilization in mural paintings is needed to investigate the effect of sterilization and the influence of sterilization dose on the stability of mural painting pigments and bonding materials. In this paper, the radiation effects of typical bacteria in tomb murals and mineral pigment powder in ancient Chinese paintings were studied in a laboratory. Firstly,aeromonas hydrophila(Aer.h) andpenicillium flavigenum(PNC) were selected as representative strains to determine the appropriate sterilization dose for murals. Then, the effects of radiation on seven kinds of ancient Chinese mineral pigments and white calcium carbonate in the ground layer were verified. The results are as follows: the radiation dose of 10 kGy can effectively remove the two typical strains. This sterilization dose will cause a color difference in calcium carbonate and lead white, while other color pigments are essentially stable. Based on the color difference and UV-vis intensities of the four white carbonate samples, the color change in two of them increased with increasing the dose up to 30 kGy, after which signs of saturation began to appear. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra showed that the chemical structure of the samples did not change after irradiation. The formation of free radicals in treated samples was confirmed using an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum test. According to all characterization results, the color difference between the four white carbonate samples may be due to the combination of unpaired electrons and defects in the process of electron beam irradiation to form color centers. After forming the color center, the light absorption of the four samples changed. This is a reversible change, but the samples will take a long time to return to their original state. This study focuses on the influence of electron beam radiation on pigment composition, which is a preliminary exploration of whether radiation sterilization can be applied to the protection of ancient Chinese mural paintings, and the experimental results can provide basic data for later application.Keywords:electron beam radiation;mural protection;radiation sterilization;mineral pigment;chromatic aberration
研究领域:
文化遗产保护
·
辐射生物学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY
·
2022
·
IF 2.382
Yiming Jia,Liangshuai Zhang,Yuan Xu,Lin Ye,Laiyuan Gu,Lin Chang,Wei Wang,Yujie Dai,Jiujiang Bai
In this study, we conducted diagnostic research on a precious Yuan dynasty tomb mural painting (A.D.1271–1368) excavated in Chongqing, 2005. To restore the painting, the painting technique and the artwork's preservation state were investigated through optical microscope (OM), portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), macro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (macro-FTIR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses. During this process, the coarse ground, fine ground and painting layer were characterized and analyzed. Experimental results show that the compositions of coarse ground are calcite and soil, while fine ground mainly consists of calcite and a few amounts of silicate. We also investigated and identified the pigments and binders used for the painting layers, which revealed that carbon black was used for the black pigment, cinnabar, red ochre and small amounts of red lead were used for the red pigments. To further investigate the distribution of materials in cross-sections with special attention to trace presented organic material, a FPA detector was used for imaging coupled with a large radius germanium crystal equipped attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. It has been found that the protein may be used as the binder and organic additive in mural painting. Our work enhances the understanding of the mural painting technique of the Yuan dynasty and also provides a reference for the future restoration work of paintings.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
考古学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
·
2014
·
IF 1.111
Mingyuan Sun,Jiahe Wang,Hui Zhang,Bingjian Zhang,Zaixuan Fan,Bomin Su
The study of how to remove the ineffective conservation materials without damaging the mural's surface has been one of the hot issues of modern conservation science, and the reversibility problem of mural protective materials needs to be resolved instantly. In this article, we measured the reversible rates of 4 typical protective agents both on glazed tiles and model samples of Dunhuang murals, and used 3D microscopic system to observe the removal effect. The experimental results show that the cleaning agents should not contain water considering the water-soluble binding material of Dunhuang murals. All conservation materials are reversible, but their reversibilities are different. We obtained the best pairs of “conservation material-cleaning agent”, which are “silicone-acrylic emulsion-p-xylene + propylene carbonate”, “acrylic emulsion-p-xylene”, “polyvinyl acetate emulsion-p-xylene + ethyl acetate” and “Paraloid B72-p-xylene + propylene carbonate”. It is also found that the reversible rate of conservation materials declines after aging.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
·
2024
·
IF 3.5
Yiming Jia,Liangshuai Zhang,Kexin Tan,Shaohua Dong,Youzhou He,Lin Ye,Wenhua Zhao,Laiyuan Gu,Silvia Prati,Jiujiang Bai
It is challenging to extend the species of deep eutectic solvent (DES) based gels, particularly in forming non-toxic polymer gels with good mechanical properties. In this study, we propose an eutectogel system for cleaning purposes in the field of culture heritage conservation. Green gels containing ChCl-EG-GVL-PVA and ChCl-EG-PVA are produced by combining choline chloride (ChCl), ethylene glycol (EG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with or without γ-valerolactone (GVL). The crosslinking of the gels is primarily formed by ChCl-EG and PVA through hydrogen bonding. The additional green solvent GVL is compatible with the gel composition and plays an important role in cleaning. The developed gels exhibit good mechanical properties and fine microstructures, making them easy to handle and suitable for cleaning cultural relics. Therefore, the gels have been tested on a mockup coated with Paraloid B72 Ⓡ to examine their cleaning efficiency. Furthermore, the selected gel has been validated on a Yuan dynasty mural painting for the removal of aged acrylic coating. The results from both the mockup and the real case study demonstrate the effective cleaning efficiency of the ChCl-EG-GVL 2 -PVA 2 gel and highlight its potential usefulness in the field of cultural heritage conservation.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2018
·
IF 2.955
Yuanyuan Zhang,Xuanhua Li,Jinmeng Zhu,Shuangjie Wang,Bingqing Wei
Acrylic resin Primal® AC 33 is a common consolidant for wall paintings in a large scale. However, some disadvantages are encountered, such as low glass transition temperature (T g ), unwanted hygroscopicity, and surface gloss when applying it on wall paintings. To address these issues, the hybrids of the gum arabic treated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and the Primal® AC 33 were prepared with a different weight fraction of SWCNTs ranging from 0.005% to 0.05% via solution blending. The morphology, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of the hybrids were systematically investigated by various characterization methods. The results show that the T g , the hardness, and the adhesion of the hybrid films are increased with the presence of SWCNTs, while the transparency and the gloss value of the films in the visible light range decrease simultaneously compared with the pristine AC 33 film. When the hybrid solutions were applied on simulating wall painting plaster samples, the evaluation data suggest that the hybrids with the SWCNT concentration not exceeding 0.025 wt% in AC 33 can be potentially used in the consolidation of the surface layer of wall paintings. The hybrids with a higher SWCNT concentration play a positive role in the consolidation of the ground layer of wall paintings. Our work opens a new insight for enhancing the properties of a consolidant for wall paintings by introducing SWCNTs.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2025
·
IF 7.2
Jing Wen,Jiayi Wang,Jiamin Sun,Baichao Zhang,Chao Suo,Jing Cui,Xuchuan Cao,Yaxin Yang,Yuexian Hao,Shaohui Guo,Xiaojian Bai,Xian-Ming Zhang
Non-extra-artificial destructive detection of trace residual detached wall painting pigments is an important prerequisite for wall paintings restoration work. As the amount available for detection of artifacts is relatively small, the relevant information must be derived through microanalysis. To this end, the trace molecules can be concentrated and enriched for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this work, the ZIF-67 was Ni 2 + -acid etched into Co–Ni layered double hydroxide (LDH) hollow nanocages. After introducing Au nanoparticles (NPs), Au NPs@Co–Ni LDH core–shell structured composites with a very low detection limit for RhB (10 –10 mol L −1 ) were formed. The composites were applied to non-extra-artificial destructive detection of green, red, and blue trace mural mineral pigments, in which the main components were identified as chlorocopperite, vermilion and ultramarine, respectively. This result proves the universality of the composites to mural pigments of different types in different regions. Experimental data and finite element simulation results show that the etching treatment endowed the SERS substrate materials with a concentration effect, which led to more molecules of the substances to be measured aggregating around the Au NPs, enhanced the detection signals of the molecules, and achieved the concentration in the plasmonic field, which in turn improved their adsorption capacity and enrichment function of the target molecules. This work realizes the innovative application of the concentration effect in the SERS detection of ancient mural pigments, which is important for the analysis, identification, and restoration of mural paintings and other cultural relics.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
·
化学分析
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Processes
·
2023
·Vol. 11
·期 6
·1710
·
IF 3.5
Zesheng Wang,Min Luo,Yang Shao,Lingling Ma,Minghong Wu
Murals are a significant cultural heritage of humanity, and one of the conservation studies is to control the growth of microorganisms. General biocide agents can be used to preserve murals while also providing new organic carbon sources and increasing environmental pollution. In recent years, radiation technology has shown promising prospects for use in heritage protection. Five microorganisms often found in murals were irradiated with an electron beam in this study, and six mineral pigments were tested for color change, Raman spectra and pigment layer cohesion after irradiation. The result showed that irradiation at 20 kGy can basically eliminatePseudomonas citronellolis,Bacillus sporothermodurans,Streptomyces vinaceus, andStreptomyces griseolusfrom the culture medium, but only inhibited the growth ofPenicillium flavigenum. Lead white pigment showed a color difference of 5.56 (∆E*97) after irradiation, but lead tetroxide, azurite, malachite, ferrous oxide, and cinnabar showed no visible changes. The Raman spectra of the irradiated and unirradiated samples were basically the same. E-beam radiation did not affect the surface cohesion of the pigment layer. This preliminary work shows the potential of electron-beam technology in mural protection and provides basic research and relevant experience for the subsequent in situ mural protection work.Keywords:electron beam;decontamination;cultural heritage preservation;mural blocks;CIE L*a*b* color space;Raman spectra;scotch tape test
研究领域:
生物学
·
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
·
2025
·
IF 3.3
Ming Wu,Zhenzhen Ma,Zhang He,Jinghan Ding,Xichen Zhao,Encarnacion Ruiz-Agudo,Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro,Jinmeng Zhu,Xuanhua Li
Mural paintings reflect valuable spiritual and cultural achievements of human civilizations and serve as crucial evidence for studying ancient customs, rituals, and clothing. However, deterioration of the mural plaster layer results in a decrease in the mural’s mechanical strength, thus posing a serious threat to its preservation. Nanolime (NL) is currently one of the most widely studied inorganic nanomaterials for the consolidation of cultural heritage in general, and mural paintings in particular, due to its excellent compatibility. However, there is limited research on the application of NL for consolidating the plaster layer of mural paintings. Here, we focus on ancient tomb mural paintings (ca. 1000 CE), investigating the consolidation performance of NL for its plaster layer. NL is homogeneously synthesized in the presence of additives and subjected to size-selection through centrifugation, yielding a narrowly distributed particle size of ∼40 nm—markedly smaller than the ∼180 nm obtained without centrifugation (NL-C). This novel NL is subsequently applied to the plaster layer of the tomb mural exhibiting limited impact on its pore structure and good penetration depth (1.2∼3.5 mm), which is significantly deeper than that observed in samples consolidated with NL-C (∼1 mm). More importantly, after consolidation with NL, the surface hardness of the plaster layer increases by ∼56 %, and the surface weight loss decreases by ∼67 %, demonstrating an effective consolidation performance. This study provides technical and methodological support for the application of NL in the preservation of ancient tomb murals.
研究领域:
文化遗产保护
·
材料科学
·
考古学
·
古代建筑技术
·
无机纳米材料应用
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Science China-Technological Sciences
·
2023
·Vol. 66
·期 8
·2213-2224
·
IF 4.6
Li Qiang,Wu Chao,Peng YaJun,Zhang BingJian
Developing advanced cleaning systems for the removal of unwanted layers from painted surfaces is still a challenging issue that needs to be addressed in the field of cultural heritage. In this work, we proposed the use of novel polyelectrolyte hydrogels prepared via free radical polymerization and freeze-thaw methods. Zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) was cross-linked with methylacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium (DMC) through covalent bonding to yield zwitterionic polyelectrolyte poly(SBMA- co -DMC) (PSD). Introducing PSD into the polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl chitosan (PVA/CMC) hydrogel network enhanced the intermolecular electrostatic interactions and changed the porous structure and swelling behaviors, thus leading to improved mechanical properties. The adsorption ability of the PVA/CMC/PSD polyelectrolyte hydrogels toward dyes (rhodamine B and congo red) and metal ions (Cu 2+ and K + ) varied with increasing amounts of PSD, which could be attributed to cationic PSD tuning the net charges in the hydrogel. The cleaning effectiveness of the PVA/CMC/PSD polyelectrolyte hydrogels was assessed on wall painting mock-ups coated with soil, red paint, and soluble salts, using microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. The results showed that the hydrogel adhered to rough surfaces and removed unwanted substances effectively without leaving determinable residues, providing a possible safe and efficient method for the cleaning of important artifacts.
研究领域:
文化遗产保护
·
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
分析化学
·
表面清洁
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）