Le Wei,Yue Ma,Zhimou Guo,Junjie Ding,Gaowa Jin,An Gu,Yong Lei
Multilayer objects with different interfaces are quite typical for architectural heritage, and from them may be inferred the age, production process, and deterioration mechanism through analyzing characteristic compositions with advanced analytical techniques. The Meiwu ceiling in the Hall of Mental Cultivation of the Palace Museum was found to contain many paper-based layers during conservation. Once several surface strata were detached, a colorful layer of printed fabric textile was discovered integrally. Through microscopic observation and micro-attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) imaging, the overall structure consisted of 11 layers, namely, bast paper, cotton wiring, xuan paper, cotton printed fabric, two yellow board papers, bamboo paper, three wood pulp paper and surface coatings, and starch was considered as an organic adhesive. For identification of the printed fabric’s color palette, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) technology, non-invasive macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) were applied in situ. Seven industrial synthetic dyes, including auramine O, malachite green, and eosin Y with corresponding by-products, as well as chromium-based pigments considered as dark draft line, were confirmed. By X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro FTIR, other results showed chalk soil and talc for the outermost coating. According to the synthetic time of industrial dyes and degradation degree of paper, there were at least four occurrences and their specific time periods were speculated.Keywords:organic cultural heritage;ceiling;industrial dyes;imaging;by-products;degradation
Liu Liu,Xiyao Zhang,Haobin Liang,Jianlei Niu,Jian-Yong Wu
The dynamic stability of phase change material (PCM) emulsions is a crucial factor for their practical applications. So far most previous studies on PCM emulsions have been focused on the static stability in the laboratory and cooling performance in small scale systems, but few or none on the dynamic stability and cooling performance in pilot- or larger-scale systems. This study was to evaluate the dynamic stability or service life and cooling storage performance of a novel PCM nano-emulsion for room air-conditioning application in a self-designed, pilot-scale latent heat thermal energy storage unit. The pilot unit was constructed with a chiller, a storage tank, three sets of ceiling panels, circulation pumps and flow control valves in a pipeline. The PCM nano-emulsion remained stable through 45 repeated charging and discharging cycles over a period of 70 days in the pilot unit and could be well regenerated for even longer period of operation. The PCM nano-emulsion retained a stable cooling capacity, e.g. with a discharging rate of 199.6 W in the 1st-5th cycles and 196.9 W in the 35th-40th cycles at a given flow rate. The droplet size increased to a maximum of ∼180 nm but was still small compared with many of the previously published ranges. Therefore, it is expected that the novel PCM nano-emulsion can have a long service life. Moreover, its volumetric thermal storage capacity was about 1.45 times higher than water in the range of 5.5–20 °C, with the highest average charging rate of about 1.4 kW during the phase transition process, and a high efficiency of ∼85% in the cooling energy release with no limitation by fast discharging flow rate, which make it favourable for practical situations.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）