Jingyi Tang,Yao Chen,Peng Xue,Yang Chen,Huijun Kong,Cuilan Lin,Xiumin Wang,Shijian Liu
Synthetic steroid hormones are an emerging class of environmental pollutants, but their influence on pubertal timing remains unclear. This case-control study explored the association between synthetic steroid hormone exposure and precocious puberty. Using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), synthetic steroid hormones were detected in urine samples from 229 Chinese girls, aged 6–9 years. Puberty status was assessed using Tanner staging by professional pediatricians. We conducted the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression combined with logistic regression. Besides, we evaluated the joint effects of steroid hormone mixture and identified the main contributor using the Weighted quantile sum (WQS) model and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model. The logistic regression model reflected an inverse individual association between precocious puberty and halcinonide [OR (95 %CI): 0.20 (0.07, 0.46)], and budesonide [OR (95 %CI): 0.77 (0.62, 0.95)]. In the joint effects utilizing the WQS model, precocious puberty showed a marginal association with steroid hormone mixture, but was not significant [OR (95 %CI): 0.88 (0.75, 1.04)]. Prednisolone (0.31), fluorometholone acetate (0.24), and dexamethasone acetate (0.12) had the highest weight. Consistently, mixture exposure was not associated with precocious puberty in the BKMR model. In conclusion, precocious puberty was associated with halcinonide and budesonide exposure, but not steroid hormone mixture among girls. It highlighted the management of the residual synthetic steroid hormones in the environment and provided a direction for the prevention of precocious puberty.
Xiaoqing Ye,Wuye Pan,Yuehao Zhao,Shilin Zhao,Yimin Zhu,Weiping Liu,Jing Liu
Pyrethroids , a class of ubiquitous insecticides, have been considered as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Female animal studies suggested that early-life pyrethroids exposure might delay puberty onset. However, it remains unclear whether this association applies to human populations. A total of 305 girls at the ages of 9–15 years old were recruited in Hangzhou, China in this study. The concentration of the common metabolite of pyrethroids, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), was analyzed in urine samples to reflect the exposure level of pyrethroids. The associations of 3-PBA with pubertal stages were evaluated using a multinomial logistic regression model. The geometric mean level of 3-PBA was 1.11 μg/L (1.42 μg/g for creatinine-adjusted concentration). There was a significant 45% reduction in odds of being in breast stage 3 (B3) per one-unit increase in the log-transformed 3-PBA levels [OR = 0.55 (95%CI: 0.31–0.98), p = 0.042]. A similar negative association was found between urinary 3-PBA levels with later onset by pubic hair stage 2 (P2) [OR = 0.56 (95%CI: 0.36–0.90), p = 0.015]. Similar negative association was also observed between urinary 3-PBA levels and pubertal onset indicated by menarche [OR = 0.51 (95%CI: 0.28–0.93), p = 0.029]. For the first time to our knowledge, this work reveals that pyrethroids exposure may increase the risk of delayed pubertal onset in girls.
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