Introduction
Information on bioavailable Iron (BAI) content in respirable coal dust (RCD) is crucial to address occupational health and safety, especially in preventing coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP).
Materials and methods
In the present study, we determined BAI concentrations in seventy-seven coal samples collected from ten coal mining regions of Central India. The cytotoxic potential of BAI-RCD was established invitro by using alveolar epithelial (A549) and macrophage (U937) cell lines. The oxidative/antioxidant status, inflammations, and genotoxicity attributed to BAI-RCD exposure were evaluated and correlated with CWP pathophysiology.
Results
The mean BAI concentrations in the coal samples (n = 77) range from (275 to 9065 mg kg -1 ) and showed wide variability. Both cell lines were exposed to low (275 mg kg -1 ), moderate (4650 mg kg -1 ), and high (9065 mg kg -1 ) BAI-RCD samples showed significant ( p < 0.001) cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner (low < moderate < high) compared to the control. After BAI-RCD treatment, both cell lines showed a decrease in antioxidant stress measures (SOD, CAT, and GSH) and a significant ( p < 0.001) increase in oxidative stress parameters (NADPH, MPO, LPO, and PC). Furthermore, these cell line models demonstrated a statistically significant ( p < 0.001) dose-dependent increase in cytokines (TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 cytokines) and oxidative DNA damage marker (8-OH-dG).
Conclusion
Results indicated that the central India coals (even at low BAI content) may be accountable for inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity. Hence, BAI can be important characteristic to establish safety standards for coal dust exposure before active mining.
Free N -acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in serum is used as a biomarker for early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis. In this study, a novel adsorbent, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) coated on the surface of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized for the specific adsorption of free Neu5Ac in human serum. This novel adsorbent exhibited the advantages of large adsorption capacity, fast mass transfer rate, and high specificity to Neu5Ac. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity was 52.31 mg g −1 , and the adsorption equilibrium could be reached in 2 min. The free Neu5Ac in serum samples was determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The linear range of the detection system was 50 – 10000 ng mL −1 . The limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantitative (LOQ) was 3 and 10 ng mL −1 , respectively. The recoveries in serum samples were between 83.54 % and 92.21 %. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of free Neu5Ac in serum samples of pneumoconiosis patients without protein precipitation. The content of free Neu5Ac ranged within 199.9 – 235.3 ng mL −1 in healthy group and that in pneumoconiosis group ranged within 266.1 – 292.5 ng mL −1 . A significant difference existed in free Neu5Ac between healthy volunteers and patients with pneumoconiosis stage I. The method can effectively remove matrix interference and enrich target analytes, and has broad application prospects in clinical detection.
Novel approaches are required to overcome the challenges associated with conventional microRNA (miRNA) detection methods and realize the early diagnosis of diseases. This work describes a novel label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the detection of the miRNA biomarkers for pneumoconiosis on a three-dimensional Au-coated ZnO nanorod array (Au-ZnO NRA). The Au-ZnO NRA substrate, which was fabricated via a modified seeding method combined with ion sputtering, provided a high enhancement factor and good spatial uniformity of the signal. With the Au-ZnO NRA, the SERS spectra of miRNAs were obtained in 30 s without labeling at room temperature. Density functional theory calculations were performed to understand the structural fingerprints of the miRNAs. Principal component analysis was carried out to identify the pneumoconiosis biomarkers based on their fingerprint SERS signals. Dual-logarithm linear relationships between the SERS intensity and the miRNA concentration were proposed for quantitative analysis. The label-free SERS method has limits of detection on the femtomolar level, which is much lower than the concentrations of the miRNA biomarkers for pneumoconiosis in lung fibroblasts.
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