Cai Shuangfeng,Xie Ningning,Zheng Ling,Li Quan,Zhang Siyu,Huang Qinghua,Luo Wei,Wu Mei,Wang Yidan,Du Yilun,Deng Shao-ping,Cai Lei
Sweet taste receptors found in oral and extra oral tissues play important roles in the regulation of many physiological functions. Studies have shown that urine volume increases during the lifetime exposure to artificial sweeteners. However, the detailed molecular mechanism and the general effects of different artificial sweeteners exposure on urine volume remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between urinary excretion and the sweet taste receptor expression in mice after three artificial sweeteners exposure in a higher or lower concentration via animal behavioral studies, western blotting, and real-time quantitative PCR experiment in rodent model. Our results showed that high dose of acesulfame potassium and saccharin can significantly enhance the urine output and there was a positive correlation between K + and urination volume. The acesulfame potassium administration assay of T1R3 knockout mice showed that artificial sweeteners may affect the urine output directly through the sweet taste signaling pathway. The expression of T1R3 encoding gene can be up-regulated specifically in bladder but not in kidney or other organs we tested. Through our study, the sweet taste receptors, distributing in many tissues as bladder, were indicated to function in the enhanced urine output. Different effects of long-term exposure to the three artificial sweeteners were shown and acesulfame potassium increased urine output even at a very low concentration.
Patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction are often unable to sense urine volume. Implantable sensors are used to monitor bladder urine volume. Securing sensors to the bladder involves sutures or synthetic adhesives that are invasive to it. Inspired by the safety harness that can be attached to objects by straps, we propose the bladder electronic harness (E-harness) for urine volume monitoring. The E-harness is a non-stick 2-dimensional structure that can be wrapped around the bladder without harming it. It is also soft enough to put no extra pressure on the bladder when it expands. Integrated with soft strain sensors and a wireless system, the E-harness can conform to the bladder, can measure bladder liquid volume with high accuracy (∼0.16 mL), and does not fall off for 1 month. The size of the E-harness is easily adjustable and can be used on small animals such as mice and large animals such as pigs.
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