Anisodamine is one of the major components of the tropine alkaloid family and is widely used in the treatment of pain, motion sickness, pupil dilatation, and detoxification of organophosphorus poisoning. As a muscarinic receptor antagonist, the low toxicity and moderate drug effect of anisodamine often result in high doses for clinical use, making it important to fully investigate its toxicity. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1.3-, 2.6-, and 5.2-mM anisodamine for 7 days to study the toxic effects of drug exposure on pigmentation, mineral density, craniofacial area, and eye development. The results showed that exposure to anisodamine at 1.3 mM resulted in cranial malformations and abnormal pigmentation in zebrafish embryos; 2.6- and 5.2-mM anisodamine resulted in significant eye development defects and reduced bone density in zebrafish embryos. The associated toxicities were correlated with functional development of neural crest cells through gene expression (col1a2, ddb1, dicer1, mab21l1, mab21l2, sox10, tyrp1b, and mitfa) in the dose of 5.2-mM exposed group. In conclusion, this study provides new evidence of the developmental toxicity of high doses of anisodamine in aqueous solutions to organisms and provides a warning for the safe use of this drug.
a medicinal plant,is abundant in tropane alkaloids (e.g., hyoscyamine and scopolamine)within its roots. This species exhibits higher biomass and alkaloidcontent compared to traditional medicinal plants such as and . Given the significant bioactivity of natural tropane alkaloidsand the plant’s commercial potential, this study optimizedtheir extraction process using response surface methodology. The optimalconditions were determined as 78% ethanol concentration, 68 °Cextraction temperature, and 20 min extraction time. The actual tropanealkaloid yield (6.211 mg/g) closely aligned with the predicted value(6.194 mg/g), validating the model’s accuracy. Furthermore,a UPLC-PDA-based quantitative method was developed for analyzing chemicalcomponents of andsubsequently applied to construct its UPLC fingerprint for qualityassessment. The method demonstrated linearity for hyoscyamine in therange of 20.00–2000.00 μg/mL, scopolamine from 2.00 to256.00 μg/mL, and anisodamine 1 and 2 in the ranges of 1.08–69.12and 0.92–58.88 μg/mL, respectively. Average relativerecoveries for these compounds were 98.91, 99.73, 100.05, and 97.01%,respectively. The alkaloid content in the tested batch samples rangedfrom 3.2044 to 22.0037 mg/g with significant differences. Based onexperimental data and practical production requirements, the alkaloidcontent in medicinal materials meeting regulatory standards shouldnot be lower than 0.05%. Additionally, the Technique for Order Preferenceby Similarity to an Ideal Solution scoring prediction indicated thatthe relative closeness of the August harvest to the optimal schemewas 0.882, the highest score recorded. This suggests that early Augustmay be the most suitable period for harvesting to ensure optimal medicinalquality. These findings provide crucial references for the qualityevaluation and industrial application of this plant.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）