2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), an important platform chemical, is often synthesized from hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), while the energy efficiency of the reaction is limited by the slow hydroxymethyl oxidation, resulting in poor technoeconomy. In this study, a bimetallic Au–Pd microwave-responsive catalyst was designed to achieve high-efficiency synthesis of FDCA by coupling microwave-activated peroxyl radical formation from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Pd sites were responsible for dissociating H2O2 into peroxyl radicals (·OOH), and Au sites accepted peroxyl radicals and oxidized HMF into FDCA. The microwave-boosted reaction synergy on the bimetallic Au–Pd dual active centers enabled the reaction to occur at near-room temperature (45 °C) and reached the highest FDCA yield of 88 mol % at 65 °C. Experimental and electric-field DFT studies revealed that microwaves increased the rate constant of H2O2 decomposition by 1.6-fold compared to conventional heating methods, with an ultrahigh H2O2 utilization rate of 90%. This work provides a new platform for highly efficient peroxyl radical formation with microwave energy, which can be extended to a wider range of oxidation reactions with accelerated reaction kinetics and enhanced energy efficiency.
A novel microwave-accelerated reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization strategy has been introduced to shorten reaction time and improved polymerization efficiency of the conventional molecularly imprinting technology based on RAFT. Magnetic molecular imprinted polymers (MMIPs) were successfully synthesized much more efficiently using 17β-estradiol (E2) as a template for the determination of estrogen residues. The resultant MMIPs had well-defined thin imprinted film, favoring the fast mass transfer. Moreover, the reaction time, which was just 1/24 of the time taken by conventional heating, was significantly decreased, improving the reaction efficiency and reducing the probability of side reactions. Meanwhile, the obtained polymers have good capacity of 6.67 mg g −1 and satisfactory selectivity to template molecule with the imprinting factor of 5.11. As a result, a method combination of the resultant MMIPs as solid phase extraction sorbents and high-performance liquid chromatography was successfully set up to determinate three estrogen residues in milk samples. For E2, estrone, and estriol, the limit of detections were calculated to be 0.03, 0.08, and 0.06 ng mL −1 , respectively, and the limit of quantifications were 0.11, 0.27, and 0.21 ng mL −1 , respectively. At the spiked level of 1, 5, and 10 ng mL −1 , the recoveries of the three estrogens were ranged from 69.1% to 91.9% and the intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 5.7%. In addition, the resultant MMIPs exhibited good reproducibility and reusability with the inter-batch RSD of 5.3% and the intra-batch RSD of 6.2%, respectively. Overall, the realization of this strategy facilitates the preparation of MMIPs with good architecture and high reaction efficiencies for the analysis of complicated real samples.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）