COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2022
·
IF 11.322
Shuang He,Cong Deng,Ze-Yong Zhao,Zi-Xun Chen,Yu-Zhong Wang
Currently, the promotion of flame retardancy is facing apparent decrease of mechanical properties for polyolefin , leading to an unresolved contradiction in this field. In this work, novel hyperbranched polyamide-amine based phosphorous-containing flame retardant PPAM-AT was designed to fabricate flame-retarded polypropylene (PP). Interestedly, when the flame retardancy of PP was greatly improved after incorporation of PPAM-AT, mechanical properties of flame-retarded PP were barely damaged compared with corresponding properties of neat PP. At 15% PPAM-AT, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PP/PPAM-AT 15 reached 30% and the highest V-0 grade was achieved in the burning test; the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and fire growth rate of PP/PPAM-AT 15 were decreased by 83.8% and 60.7% in comparison with corresponding values of neat PP. Meanwhile, tensile strength and elongation at break for PP/PPAM-AT 15 maintained at 46.9 MPa and 551.3%, respectively, keeping at a comparative level with that of PP. Analysis on flame-retardant mechanism confirmed that typical intumescent flame retardation played a vital role for the excellent fire safety of PP/PPAM-AT. The reason for excellent mechanical properties of flame-retarded PP/PPAM-AT is ascribed to the multiple factors such as the change in the crystallization of PP, excellent energy-dissipating ability of PPAM-AT, and so on. This work demonstrated that hyperbranched polyamide-amine based phosphorous-containing flame retardant with unique chemical structure may achieve simultaneous flame retardancy and high performance of polypropylene, which opens a new pathway to solve the contradiction between flame retardancy and high performance of polyolefin.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
防火材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 137
·期 48
·49601
·
IF 2.52
Guangya Liu,Huili Shi,Chanchal Kumar Kundu,Zhiwei Li,Xiaohong Li,Zhijun Zhang
Humic acid (HA), a biomass material with plentiful oxygen-containing functional groups, showed huge potential to be considered as a promising charring agent in flame retardancy. In this study, this HA was modified with four different metal ions like Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Al 3+ , and Cu 2+ and finally, introduced into the epoxy resin (EP) to enhance the flame retardancy of the EP and the dispersion of these flame retardants into the EP matrix. When 10 wt% of HA-Fe and HA-Mn were incorporated into EP matrix, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was increased from 21.2% for EP to 26.6 and 25.3% for the EP composites and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) was reduced by 36 and 35.5%, respectively. Such a significant improvement in flame retardancy was attributed to the catalytic charring of HA in the presence of metal ions, which ultimately increased the residual char formation and produced compact char layers during the combustion process to retard the transfer of heat and combustible gases between the EP composites and the flame zone. Finally, this kind of application provided a feasible way for the development of an environmentally friendly flame retardant with high efficiency, which improved the fire safety of EP matrix.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物质利用
·
阻燃剂开发
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Zhaoshun Zhan,Shihan Weng,Tianyou Bao,Lina Yan,Fanna Meng,Lixin Li
Currently, it is still a challenge to endow polylactic acid (PLA) with excellent degradation and fire safety. In this work, we have extracted a novel phosvitin aiming to achieve the fire resistance and degradation of PLA. Employing the phosvitin, the PLA composite exhibits conspicuous fire resistance with an LOI of 27.4 % and a V-0 rating in the UL-94 tests by controlling the added volume at 40 wt.%. Simultaneously, the thermal stability and fire behaviour of the PLA composite have been improved by the plentiful char residue formation. The flame-retardant mechanism of phosvitin in PLA material has been deduced by TG-IR, FTIR XPS and SEM. The phosvitin containing abundant P-O, P = O and P-N functional groups generates phosphorus-containing compounds to promote the dehydration reaction of the PLA matrix in a condensed phase. This is beneficial to improve the flame retardancy of PLA by the formation of a char layer, providing the shielding effect to prevent the heat transfer and flammable micro-molecules volatilisation process. Likewise, the affluent phosphorus-containing compounds included in the phosvitin possess fabulous catalytic action to destroy the PLA into small molecular weight fragment which shows a beneficial to promote the degradation reaction of PLA composite. Hence, the phosvitin is important to expand the range of applications of PLA materials to develop sustainable multifunctional materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 4
·1956-1965
·
IF 3.119
Weiqi Xie,Shiwen Huang,Donglin Tang,Shumei Liu,Jianqing Zhao
A furfural-based DOPO-containing flame retardant, 6,6′-(((methylenebis(4,1-phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(furan-2-ylmethylene))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (MBF-DOPO), was synthesized and utilized as a co-curing agent of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) for fire-safe epoxy thermosets. For the cured epoxy resin containing 4.0% MBF-DOPO, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached 32.9% (with the V-0 rating in UL-94 test), and the peak heat release rate and total smoke production values were respectively decreased by 29.3% and 33.6%, compared to pure epoxy resin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed that the furfural-based flame retardant MBF-DOPO promoted the charring formation of the epoxy matrix, which effectively isolated the gas and heat transfer during combustion and thus enhanced the fire-safety performance of the epoxy thermosets. This work provides an effective route for synthesizing a furfural-based flame retardant, which possesses great potential for application in fire-safe epoxy thermosets.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2019
·Vol. 11
·期 1
·74
·
IF 3.164
Haisheng Feng,Yong Qiu,Lijun Qian,Yajun Chen,Bo Xu,Fei Xin
An aromatic macromolecular polyimide (API) was synthesized and characterized, and used as a synergistic charring flame retardant in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (GF/PA6). API and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) exhibited better flame inhibition behavior and synergistic charring flame retardant behavior compared with ADP alone. The 5%API/7%ADP/GF/PA6 sample achieved the lower peak value of the heat release rate (pk-HRR) at 497 kW/m2and produced higher residue yields of 36.1 wt.%, verifying that API and ADP have an outstanding synergistic effect on the barrier effect. The API/ADP system facilitated the formation of a carbonaceous, phosphorus and aluminum-containing compact char layer with increased barrier effect. FTIR spectra of the residue and real-time TGA-FTIR analysis on the evolved gases from PA6 composites revealed that API interacted with ADP/PA6 and locked in more P–O–C and P–O–Ar content, which is the main mechanism for improving flame inhibition and charring ability. In addition, the API/ADP system improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of GF/PA6 composites compared to ADP alone.Keywords:flame retardant;charring;mechanical properties;polyamide 6;polyimide;synergistic effect
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Qianqian Zhang,Shuang Yang,Jun Wang,Jianwen Cheng,Qiaoxin Zhang,Guoping Ding,Yefa Hu,Siqi Huo
A high-efficiency flame retardant composed of phosphaphenanthrene, benzothiazole and imidazole groups (PBI) was synthesized and served as flame retardant co-curing agent to reduce the fire hazard of epoxy resin (EP). The chemical structure of PBI was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS), 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The curing behavior, thermal stability and flame retardant properties of the prepared EP systems were investigated. The curing behavior study disclosed that PBI accelerated the crosslinking reaction of EP and was chemically bonded with EP matrix to obtain intrinsic flame retardant thermoset . The resulting EP thermosets showed only slight decrease in glass transition temperature (T g ). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated both the catalytic decomposition and catalytic charring effects of PBI demonstrated by decreased thermal stability and enhanced charring capability of EP/DDS/PBI thermosets. The combustion test results showed remarkable improvement in the flame retardant properties of EP/DDS/PBI thermosets. When the phosphorus content was only 0.75 wt%, EP/DDS/PBI-0.75 thermoset achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 34.6% and passed UL94 V-0 rating. Moreover, the peak of heat release rate (pk-HRR), average of heat release rate (av-HRR) and total heat release (THR) values were decreased by 48.7%, 31.1% and 28.3%, respectively, in comparison with those of the EP/DDS thermoset. The flame retardant effect of PBI on EP was attributed to the catalytic charring effect to form protective char layer in condensed phase and release of free radicals with quenching effect and nonflammable gases with diluting effect in gaseous phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2021
·Vol. 138
·期 42
·51242
·
IF 3.125
Weiduo Wang,Huayi Li,Qian Li,Zhi Luo
A novel phosphorous/benzene-containing flame-retardant diphenyl phosphoryl polyethylene (PEP) is synthesized from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer with two steps reactions and its chemical structure is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The grafted molecular dispersion is calculated by gel permeation chromatography and the phase transition is analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. And results show its promising processability potential. High density polyethylene (HDPE) composite containing 15 wt% PEP is prepared by melt blending, and its fire performance and thermal behaviors are investigated in terms of limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and thermogravimetric analysis. There is a 16% increase to 20.2 in the LOI value of PEP, while it fails the UL-94 test. The char morphology is characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and observed multi-layered intumescent residue char effectively reduces the transfer of heat and oxygen. The major degradation is quantitively analyzed by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The results demonstrate that there is a catalytic effect by the phosphorous substance in char formation. Finally, the mechanical properties tests show that the loss due to the addition is small, which signifies the good compatibility between the pure HDPE and the grafted addition.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Yang Zhi,Xi Wang,Qian Lijun,Qiu Yong,Wang Jingyu,Chen Yajun,Tang Wei
Phosphaphenanthrene derivate molecule (DT) was synthesized by a simple method, and exploring the flame retardant effect of DT, micro-expanded graphite (MEG) with different combination modes compounded dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in polyurethane foam rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). The results showed that the properties of an intercalated DT-MEG system was better than a DT blended MEG system. Specific data of DT-MEG/DMMP were as follows: the LOI value of the 6DT-8MEG/16D sample reached 30.3%, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) value decreased by 70.4%, the total smoke release value decreased by 42.4%, the total heat release (THR) value was the lowest at only 14.9 MJ/m 2 , and the residue yields reached 31.6%. According to the test results, the flame retardant mechanism of the DT-MEG/DMMP compounded system was also explored. DMMP of DT-MEG/DMMP can exert flame retardant effects by releasing phosphorus free radicals in the gas phase to inhibit flame intensity at the beginning of combustion. Then, when the DT-MEG structure was heated, it expanded to form a caged char layer to exert adsorption charring flame retardant effects to filter and absorb the smoke particles. Meanwhile, the intercalated DT-MEG structure produced stronger adhesion with MEG during combustion, which generated more phosphoric acids to carbonize more RPUF matrix. Therefore, DT-MEG/DMMP compound flame retardant system can endow RPUFs with excellent synergistic flame retardant effects in both the gas and condensed phases. This exerts adsorption charring flame retardant effects in the DT-MEG microscopic form, and decreases the combustion intensity and obtains a compacted char layer.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Ming Gao,Teng Feng,Xiaoqian Zhang,Junfei Li,Ligang Tang,Donghua Liu,Xuan Zhou,Fengwen Yao
Solid superacid possesses high acidity and thermal stability, which can effectively improve the flame retardant properties of materials by promoting catalytic dehydration and charring. On the other hand, montmorillonite (MMT) has a good synergistic effect with the flame retardant due to its unique two-dimensional nanosheet structure. To combine both advantages to get high performance, in this study, a solid superacid structure was introduced into the MMT to obtain a montmorillonite solid superacid (Ti-MSS). Its structure, morphology, and acidity were characterized by XRD, EDS, TEM, and Hammett indicator method. This Ti-MSS was then combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for the flame retardant treatment of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The results showed that when the UPR composite containing 0.1 wt% Ti-MSS and 9.9 wt% APP, its limiting oxygen index (LOI) value reached 28.9%, and UL-94 achieved a V-0 rating. CCT data showed that, compared with the APP/UPR composites, the peak heat release rate and total heat release were reduced by 8.99% and 12.47%, respectively. Moreover, smoke and gas release were also reduced after the addition of Ti-MSS. TG, SEM, XPS, and Raman data results showed that Ti-MSS promoted carbonization of the UPR to obtain more residual char and make it more continuous and denser. It was suggested that Ti-MSS had a good synergistic flame retardant effect with APP on UPR.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
·
阻燃材料
·
纳米复合材料
·
热功能材料
·
材料化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Zhenhui Bai,Rong Zhou,Qun Wang,Mao Li,Wenjun Yan,Qiaoli Xu,Hengshu Zhou,Xiaoqiang Li,Ruchao Yuan,Jinping Guan,Faxue Li
The combination of enhanced char formation capacity and radical quenching effect in polymer materials at elevated temperatures is crucial for improving flame inhibition and anti-dripping performance. This study developed a phosphorus (P)-functionalized Schiff base flame retardant (HSCP) specifically for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Notably, incorporation of merely 4 wt% of HSCP effectively enhanced the anti-dripping performance of PET. The PET composites containing 8 wt% of HSCP (PET/HSCP8) achieved a limiting oxygen index of 30.0% with complete anti-dripping performance, attaining a V-0 rating in vertical burning. Furthermore, PET/HSCP8 exhibited a remarkable 16.4% reduction in total smoke production compared to unmodified PET. The enhanced fire safety of PET/HSCP was achieved through the dual-phase mechanism of HSCP, which combines the char-forming effect with the quenching effect. Importantly, the PET/HSCP8 composites maintain excellent interfacial compatibility, enabling the successful fabrication of filaments through melt-spinning that simultaneously exhibit enhanced fire safety and preserved mechanical properties.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
·
阻燃化学
·
纤维工程
·
材料化学
·
火灾安全工程
·
聚合物复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）