POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Tao Zhang,Youji Tao,Feng Zhou,Haibo Sheng,Shuilai Qiu,Chao Ma,Yuan Hu
Due to the inherent flammability of polypropylene (PP), it is limited in the application of flame retardant materials. In this work, a novel char forming agent, hyperbranched phosphorus-containing polyurethane (HPPU), was synthesized and used as efficient char forming agent. When ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was combined with HPPU, APP/HPPU endow PP significantly improved flame retardancy than single APP. Although the total carbon monoxide production (TCOP) of some PP/APP/HPPU composites is higher than that of PP/APP composite, it is still lower than that of neat PP. LOI (limited oxygen index) and UL-94 tests reveal that PP composites with 25 wt% HPPU/APP with ratio of 4:1 are able to reach 27 vol% and V-0 rating, respectively. The addition of 25 wt% APP/HPPU with ratio of 2:1 into PP can result in decrease in peak heat release rate of about 72%, decrease in total heat release of about 38% and decrease in TCOP of about 93%. APP/HPPU promotes PP to form more stable, compact, and continuous char layer which effectively hinder heat and oxygen transfer and protect the inner matrix from decomposition. Thermogravimetric-infrared results reveal that the gas phase flame retardant mechanism of APP/HPPU is the dilution effect of ammonia from APP and the flame inhibition effect of phosphorus-containing species from HPPU.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2022
·
IF 5.204
Lin-Xuan Han,Ze-Yong Zhao,Cong Deng,Yu-Zhong Wang
Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber is highly flammable, facing potential fire hazard when it is used as electric cable sheaths, automobile parts, etc. In this work, aiming to reduce fire hazard of EPDM rubber, a piperazine/alkene-containing phosphoramide oligomer poly (2-butene-1,4-dione piperazine fumaroyl phenylphosphonate) (PPFPP) was synthesized and used as charring agent to fabricate intumescent flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). When 20 wt% APP/PPFPP (weight ratio: 3:1) was incorporated into EPDM, the flame-retarded EPDM achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 27.0%, significantly superior to flame-retarded EPDM consisting of controlled flame retardant PPSPP without alkene and PPFA without phenyl phosphine. In cone calorimeter test, flame retardant consisting of 6.25 wt% PPFPP and 18.75 wt% APP strongly reduced the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the peak of smoke production rate (PSPR) of EDPM, diminished approximately by 72% and 60%, respectively. In the case of meeting flame retardancy, mechanical property of flame-retarded EPDM maintained at a high level. Different measurements confirmed that the flame-retardant mechanism of PPFPP is attributed to two aspects. The first one is ascribed to the char-forming action of PPFPP in the presence of alkene and piperazine, playing a barrier role in condensed phase; the second one is due to the gaseous action of phenyl phosphine groups originating from the pyrolysis of PPFPP. In summary, the combination of piperazine and alkene with phenyl phosphine may fabricate an efficient charring agent for the intumescent flame retardation for EPDM.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火材料
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 139
·期 38
·e52920
·
IF 3.057
Wei Wang,Li Lei,Qiuru Bao,Yuan Liu,Qi Wang
The flame retardant work of polyolefin materials has always been a challenge in the industry. Herein, we report a triazine charring agent (TM) containing hydroxyl and triazine ring. Combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), TM was applied to prepare flame retardant thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) composites. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test show that TM has high initial pyrolysis temperature and retention rate of char residue at high temperature. The UL-94, limit oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests (CCT) were used to characterize the flame retardancy of TPO composites. The UL-94 V-0 rating and LOI value of 29.2% are achieved with a loading of 9.17 wt% flame retardant (TPO-3). In particular, the fire performance index (FPI) associated with the flashover time also increases to 0.037 m 2 s/kW compared with TPO (0.030 m 2 s/kW). The synergistic effects of APP/TM were investigated in depth. The results show that APP/TM system forms a dense and continuous char layer on the surface of TPO during combustion, which effectively insulates the substrate from heat and oxygen erosion. Additionally, APP/TM system also plays a weak but important flame retardant role in the gas phase, including quenching effect of phosphorous compounds and dilution effect of non-combustible gases.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2022
·Vol. 147
·期 19
·10391-10401
·
IF 4.755
Tian Xiao-Shuang,Zhang Yue-Fei,Li Yan,Zhong Jin-Rong
In this research, a novel type of triazine-based char-forming agent (PTPA) was synthesized and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system to prevent polypropylene (PP) burning. A commercialized char-forming agent was purchased and the same process was used to study its flame retardant performance on polypropylene, and the results were compared with those of this experiment. It was found that the PP/IFR samples in this experiment (APP/PTPA = 4/1–1/1) reached the increased limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.5%, and passed the vertical combustion (UL-94) V-0 rating. The maximum LOI for the purchase of char-forming agent is 31.0%. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that the PTPA/APP system can improve the thermal stability and thermal oxidation stability of carbon slag. The carbon residue was further studied by visual observation and scanning electron microscopy. The dense coke residues formed hinder the transfer of gas and heat during the combustion process, and ultimately endow the PP/IFR system with higher flame retardancy.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Quan Wu,Jia Guo,Bin Fei,Xinjian Li,Jun Sun,Xiaoyu Gu,Hongfei Li,Sheng Zhang
A novel polyhydroxy triazine-based charring agent, N-tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino triazine-piperazine copolymer (TTPC), was synthesized from piperazine, cyanuric chloride and tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane. The chemical structure of TTPC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13 C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. TTPC, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and zinc borate (ZB) were then introduced into polypropylene (PP) by melt compounding to improve the fire performance of the composites. The test results showed that the presence of 21% APP-TTPC-ZB with mass ratio of 16:4:1 could significantly reduce the peak heat release rate from 1547 to 230 kW/m 2 , increase the limiting oxygen index value from 18.0 to 29.6% and upgrade the UL-94 rating from no rating to V-0, accompanied by the elimination of melt dripping. The thermal stability and charring behaviors of the composite samples were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis . The results showed that TTPC was a highly efficient charring agent, and ZB could act as synergist in the intumescent system. Based on the comprehensive study of fire performance, char morphology and mechanical properties, it can be concluded that TTPC is a superior charring agent, especially compared with the generally used pentaerythritol.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2019
·Vol. 11
·期 6
·1062
·
IF 3.164
Junlei Chen,Jihui Wang,Aiqing Ni,Hongda Chen,Penglong Shen
In this work, a novel phosphorous–nitrogen based charring agent named poly(1,3-diaminopropane-1,3,5-triazine-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate) (PDTBP) was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that PDTBP was successfully synthesized. Compared with the traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system contained APP and pentaerythritol (PER), the novel IFR system (APP/PDTBP, weight ratio of 2:1) could significantly promote the flame retardancy, water resistance, and thermal stability of HDPE. The HDPE/APP/PDTBP composites (PE3) could achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 30.8%, and had a lower migration percentage (2.2%). However, the HDPE/APP/PER composites (PE5) had the highest migration percentage (4.7%), lower LOI value of 23.9%, and could only achieve a UL-94 V-1 rating. Besides, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire hazard value of PE3 were markedly decreased compared to PE5. PE3 had higher tensile strength and flexural strength of 16.27 ± 0.42 MPa and 32.03 ± 0.59 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the possible flame-retardant mechanism of the APP/PDTBP IFR system indicated that compact and continuous intumescent char layer would be formed during burning, thus inhibiting the degradation of substrate material and improving the thermal stability of HDPE.Keywords:intumescent flame retardant;polyethylene composites;mechanical properties;thermal properties;flame retardancy mechanism
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
燃烧科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2016
·
IF 2.567
Rong Yang,Binbin Ma,Hui Zhao,Jinchun Li
A macromolecular charring agent named as PEPADC was synthesized by using cyanuric chloride, 2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol (PEPA), and diethylenetriamine and used to prepare intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (IFR-PP) containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The effect of flame retardant compound on thermal degradation, flame retardancy, and fire behavior properties of a IFR-PP system has been investigated. The results suggested that the max thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) as well as char residue at 700 °C increased with IFR loading. The highest LOI value of IFR-PP is 35.5, while the IFR loading is 30 wt % and the weight ratio of APP to PEPADC is 4:1. Meanwhile, the IFR-PPs can pass UL-94 V-0 when the weight ratio of APP to PEPADC is between 1:2 and 5:1. Cone calorimetry results indicated that IFR-PPs exhibited much lower heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), specific extinction area (SEA), and total smoke production (TSP) than the neat PP.
研究领域:
高分子材料
·
阻燃化学
·
材料科学
·
热分析
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2017
·
IF 3.386
Wei Wang,Panyue Wen,Jing Zhan,Ningning Hong,Wei Cai,Zhou Gui,Yuan Hu
A novel charring agent (PEPAPC) containing pentaerythritol and triazine structure, was successfully prepared via the nucleophilic substitution reaction of cyanuric chloride , 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol (PEPA), and piperazine . Then, different proportions of PEPAPC and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were added into polypropylene (PP) at a 20% total loading via melt blending. The results of limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter test revealed that PEPAPC/APP system could effectively enhance the thermal stability and flame retardance of PP. When the weight ratio of APP to PEPAPC was 3:1 with a 20% loading (PP6), the PP composite achieved the highest LOI value of 28% and passed the vertical burning test (UL-94) V-0 rating. Meanwhile, PP6 showed the highest amount of char residues via TGA test and the lowest PHRR (253 kW/m 2 ) via cone calorimeter test. Moreover, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also indicated that PEPAPC/APP system benefited to the formation of more compact char layer which hindered the transfer of volatiles and heat during burning. The investigation of their water resistance demonstrated that the PP6 still obtained a UL-94 V-0 rating after 72 h dipping in hot water.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS RESEARCH INNOVATIONS
·
2023
·
IF 0
Qiong Yao,Shouwu Yu
A triazine long chain charring agent (TCA) was synthesised using cyanuric chloride, morpholine and anhydrous piperazine. The synthesised TCA was compounded with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to obtain an intumescent flame retardant (IFR). When the TCA content in the IFR was 35 wt% to 45 wt%, the IFR had good expansion properties. Then, different proportions of IFR were incorporated into polypropylene (PP) to prepare flame retardant PP composites, and the flame retardancy, thermal degradation behaviour and flammability behaviour for PP composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and cone calorimeter test. When 20 wt% of IFR (With TCA 35 wt%) were added into the PP matrix, the composite achieved a V-0 rating for the UL-94 test and its LOI value was increased to 28.8%. Compared with neat PP, peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased from 827.30(KW·m−2) and 120.48(MJ·m−2) to 210.50(KW·m−2) and 75.08(MJ·m−2).
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2016
·
IF 3.12
Huali Xie,Xuejun Lai,Hongqiang Li,Xingrong Zeng
Fabricating an effective synergism between the condensed phase (char-forming) and the gas phase (free-radical quenching) is recently considered to be a very promising way to prepare high-efficient intumescent flame retardants . In this work, a novel hindered amine phosphorous-nitrogen macromolecular charring agent (HAPN) with free-radical quenching capability was synthesized and characterized. Then it was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to flame-retard polypropylene (PP). The flame retardancy and thermal stability of PP/HAPN/APP mixtures were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetric test (CCT) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). When the content of HAPN/APP was 25 wt%, PP/HAPN/APP could self-extinguish at 36 s after igniting in the oxygen concentration of 29.5% and achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release rate (THR), average heat release rate (AV-HRR) and average mass loss rate (AV-MLR) were significantly decreased. The flame retardant mechanism of HAPN/APP was explored and the results revealed that there was an effective synergism between the condensed phase and the gas phase during the combustion. In the condensed phase, HAPN could make PP involve into the char-forming reaction to promote the formation of compact and firm intumescent char layer. Simultaneously, the nitroxyl radical generated by HAPN could effectively restrain and even extinguish the flame in the gas phase by quenching the active free-radicals.
研究领域:
高分子化学
·
材料科学
·
阻燃材料
·
热稳定性
·
燃烧性能
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER TESTING
·
2020
·
IF 3.275
Zaihang Zheng,Chenchen Liao,Yurou Xia,Yuhang Liu,Boya Dai,Anbo Li
In this article, co-microencapsulation technology was utilized for decorating the surface of dialdehyde starch (DAS) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) via one-step process. The aim for this design was to improve the dispersion for DAS and MPP in polypropylene (PP) and employ DAS as sustainable char-forming agent, which lied in enhancing the flame retardancy of PP. In view of chemical composition , morphology and surface wettability , the changes for DAS and MPP after modification were confirmed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water contact angle (WCA) tests, respectively. Most of all, the results for flame retardant tests demonstrated limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and vertical burning tests (UL-94) rating of PP/30 ph M[M&D] were 28.2% and V-1. Along with the synergistic effect, the homogeneous dispersion of DAS and MPP in PP after co-microencapsulation modification was also one of main reasons for the increased flame retardant properties. Except that, the chemical interaction between DAS and MPP in producing the char layer was also certified by TGA curves. After systematic analysis on char residue, the possible intumescent flame retardant mechanism was primarily proposed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2016
·
IF 3.12
Shuang Yang,Qiaoxin Zhang,Yefa Hu
A novel halogen-free flame retardant (DTB) containing phosphorus, nitrogen and boron was successfully synthesized. The chemical structure of DTB was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). DTB was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins . Thermal properties, flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the cured EP thermosets were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that DTB significantly improved the flame retardancy as well as smoke inhibition performance of EP/DTB thermosets. Compared with the neat EP thermoset, the LOI of EP/DTB-3 thermoset was increased to 35.6% and the sample reached UL94 V-0 rating; the average of heat release rate (av-HRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) of EP/DTB-3 thermoset were decreased by 33.3%, 33.0% and 35.5%, respectively. TGA results indicated that the char yields of EP/DTB thermosets were increased by 45.1–72.8% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. The FTIR, SEM-EDX and Py-GC/MS results indicated that DTB contributed to form intumescent and glassy char layers and decomposed to generate free radicals with quenching effect. DTB was effective radical trapper as well as efficient charring agent for epoxy resin and exerted flame-retardant effect in gaseous and condensed phases simultaneously.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）