Conductive hydrogels with water-enriched pores have shown great potential in electromagnetic wave protection and flexible wearable electronics. However, hydrogel with high water content often results in some challenges such as water loss and low-temperature freezing. In this study, porous gelatin/ChCl/MXene Ti 3 C 2 T x (GCM) hydrogels were prepared via a facile one-pot method. The introduction of ChCl forms abundant hydrogen bonds in GCM hydrogels, which endows the hydrogels long-term anti-drying (30 days) and anti-freezing abilities (−30 °C). Due to the synergistic effects of the porous structure, highly conductive MXene and water molecules, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) reach up to 108 dB in the X-band. Significantly, the effect of water molecules on EMI SE is quantified by adjusting the water content in hydrogel. Moreover, the gelatin-based hydrogel exhibits super-elasticity (0.25 MPa at 80 % strain) and demonstrates no significant decrease in EMI SE after 500 compression cycles. Finally, the excellent pressure-sensing properties of GCM hydrogel enable sensitive and reliable detection in human motion and smart coding. Therefore, the developed GCM hydrogel demonstrates promising application prospects in the fields of EMI shielding and sensing for wearable electronic devices.
Biogel-based ionic devices have emerged as versatile platforms for broad applications in wearable electronics, healthcare monitoring and bioelectronic interfaces. Electronic functions derived from fully edible natural soft materials are particularly attractive to allow low cost, green, biocompatible and biodegradable devices in biomedical areas as well as smart food package. This work presents a gummy-inspired protein eutectogel by simply soaking gelatin hydrogels into solutions of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) consisting of sorbitol and citric acid to allow solvent exchange. Compared with the gelatin hydrogel, this natural eutectogel (NEG) exhibited anti-drying and anti-freezing performance, remarkably improved adhesiveness, room temperature degradability, as well as high mechanical toughness. The soaking conditions were investigated to tune the softness and ionic conductivity of the NEG, which revealed that the water content and acid ratio could significantly impact on the gel properties. Additionally, the eutectogel thin film exhibited good humidity sensing capability with a wide linear detection range (22%–98% RH), in which a soft patch was further demonstrated for breath test to detect various respiration frequencies. Thus, we believe the concept of NEG combining biopolymers and NADES can be explored in a broad range of soft devices for sensing, bio-adhesives, energy supply or drug delivery. Graphical
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