High-temperature molten-salt electrochemistry (MSE) is a branch of chemistry that has applications across various sectors, including the chemical, metallurgical, materials, nuclear, and even deep space exploration industries. Consequently, it is significant for chemistry undergraduates to engage in experimental training focused on high-temperature MSE. In this study, we developed an instrument for in situ Raman spectroscopic analysis of electrode processes in molten salts. Utilizing this instrument, we designed a rigorous and feasible experimental scheme, along with a comprehensive evaluation method. The integration of in situ Raman spectroscopy and our experimental protocol enables students to gain profound insights into molten-salt electrode processes while deepening their understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms. Notably, this pedagogical approach not only cultivates students’ interest in chemistry but also enhances their scientific reasoning skills and exposes them to cutting-edge knowledge.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) and nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions are among the most valuable reactions in the conversion of aromatic rings. While these reactions are typically covered in separate experiments in undergraduate organic courses, a continuous experimental setup elucidating both SEAr and SNAr processes remains unexplored in the literature for undergraduate laboratories. We herein described a two-step experimental design to cascade the SEAr and SNAr reactions, aiding students in better understanding the similarities and differences of these conversions as well as introducing the concept of umpolung. The experiment also reinforces students’ proficiency in fundamental organic synthesis techniques and workup procedures, such as TLC analysis, chromatography purification, recrystallization, and handling LRMS and NMR.
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