Porcelain tiles are a building material that has been widely used in recent years and that consumes substantial resources during the sintering process. This study reports on the production of low-temperature porcelain tiles by using low-grade lithium ore (LO) and silica crucible waste (SCW) in a new SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–K2O–Li2O system. The firing temperature of the porcelain tiles was reduced from 1260 °C to 1070 °C by adding 30% LO instead of feldspar in a modified triaxial ceramic body, and SCW was recycled and used as a raw material. These actions help to reduce the carbon emissions produced during sintering and achieve sustainable development. The effect of phase transitions on the sintering and technological properties of the porcelain tiles was studied by quantitative phase analysis, using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Secondary mullite (0–19%) can be formed at 1040–1100 °C, where more quartz and cristobalite will be retained, which increases the rupture modulus of the porcelain tiles. While the vitreous phase increases rapidly at 1100–1160 °C, the closed pores (0.1–33.1%) will simultaneously expand, causing a decrease in compactness. The results show that low-grade LO (with a cost similar to that of feldspar) allows for the production of porcelain tiles with better process performance at lower temperatures (≤1100 °C).Keywords:porcelain tiles;lithium ore;silica crucible waste;firing temperature;water absorption;rupture modulus
It is known that protein/sugar conjugates prepared by Maillard reaction (MR) have good gel properties. However, there is not much information about the mechanism of MR on the gel properties of whey protein isolate (WPI). Electrophoresis confirmed the maximum molecular weight conjugate was obtained at incubation for 2 days, and its glycation degree was 82% by O -phthaldialdehyde (OPA) method. At this time, its absorbance at 294 nm and 420 nm increased significantly. The rheological results showed that the conjugate gel had better relative viscoelasticity, higher fracture modulus and mechanical strength, more covalent bonds in the gel structure and higher viscosity at high shear rates than the mixed gel. The total free sulfhydryl groups and relative fluorescence intensity of WPI–Lactose conjugate decreased significantly, indicating the conformation of WPI was altered after MR. Besides WPI–Lactose conjugate gel had a denser and smaller smooth pores microstructure by microcopy analysis. Graphic abstract
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）