JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
·
2023
·
IF 9.9
Kunling Liu,Yao Cheng,Jinhao Li,Dan Ding,Yunlan Liu,Guangxian Zhang,Fengxiu Zhang
Cotton fabrics are extremely flammable. Therefore, ammonium salt of dipentaerythritol hexaphosphoric acid (ADPHPA), a novel reactive phosphorus flame retardant without halogen and formaldehyde, was synthesized by solvent-free synthesis method. Surface chemical graft modification was chosen to introduce flame retardant, imparting its flame retardancy and washability. SEM indicated that ADPHPA entered the interior of cotton fiber, which was grafted with OH of control cotton fabrics (CCF) by forming P O C covalent bonds to obtain treated cotton fabrics (TCF). There were no apparent differences in the fiber morphology and crystal structure after treatment according to SEM and XRD analysis. TG analysis demonstrated that the decomposition process of TCF was changed compared with CCF, while lower heat release rate and total heat release of TCF indicated its combustion efficiency was also reduced based on cone calorimetry test. Meanwhile, in the durability test, TCF had undergone 50 laundering cycles (LCs) in accordance with AATCC-61-2013 3A standard and had a short vertical combustion charcoal length, which were able to be regard as durable flame-retardant fabrics. The mechanical properties of TCF decreased to a degree, but did not affect the actual use of cotton fabrics. Taken as a whole, ADPHPA has research significance and development potential as a durable phosphorus-based flame retardant.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Xinyi Gao,Zhiyong Li,Xinru Bai,Yuting Dong,Jingjing Meng
There are many concerns associated with high-valued applications of bisphenol A, especially for health and safety issues. Since its widespread use in epoxy resins, related functionalization upgrading has garnered a lot of attention. In particular, its high flammability poses a major risk to property and human safety. To reduce flammability, epoxy monomers, such as 2,2′-(((propane-2,2-diylbis(2-allyl-4,1-phenylene))bis (oxy))bis(methylene))bis(oxirane)(DBAQ) and 2,2′-(((propane-2, 2-diylbis(2, 6-diallyl-4, 1- phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))bis(oxirane)(DBAW) containing multiple allyls and epoxides have been fabricated and then cured using aromatic amines via a solvent-free process. Therein, structural modification was achieved via a concurrent ring-opening polymerization/olefin polymerization. All these networks displayed good mechanical properties and outstanding thermal stability. Most importantly, all thermosets exhibited excellent flame retardancy displaying a UL-94-V0 rating for combustion. Thus, a green protocol has been established for the generation of halogen- and phosphorus-free functional epoxy resins. It is believed that this approach may provide strong potential for sustainability in practical applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2019
·Vol. 137
·期 20
·48687
·
IF 2.188
Xiangyang Chen,Dongfeng Xu,Hua Zhang,Xinxing Feng,Jianping Deng,Kai Pan
A novel halogen-free flame retardant copolyamide 6,6 (FR-PA66) was prepared successfully by in situ polymerizing with adipic acid hexamethylene salt and 2-carboxy ethyl (phenyl) phosphinic acid (CEPPA). The elemental composition and chemical structure of FR-PA66 were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and 13 C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The flame retardancy, thermal stability, and morphology of char residues were also investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 test, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that FR-PA66 samples had much better flame retardancy and char formation ability than pure PA66 after the flame retardant modification. The LOI values were increased from 24.0 to 28.0% by adding 6 wt % of CEPPA and all FR-PA66 samples were rated as V-0 rating in UL-94 test. Furthermore, the thermal stability analysis indicated that in situ polymerization with CEPPA effectively decreased the initial decomposition temperature and increased the amount of char residue. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 137 , 48687.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2019
·Vol. 30
·期 8
·1989-1995
·
IF 2.162
Qinqin Luo,Yulin Sun,Biao Yu,Chengpeng Li,Jiangli Song,Dexin Tan,Jianqing Zhao
The flame-retarded epoxy resin with improved thermal properties based on environmentally friendly flame retardants is vital for industrial application. Hereby, a novel reactive-type halogen-free flame retardant, 10-(3-(4-hydroxy phenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e] [1,3] oxazin-4-yl)-5H-phenophosphazinine 10-oxide (DHA-B) was synthesized via a two-step reaction route. Its structure was characterized using 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P NMR and HRMS spectra. For 4,4′-diaminodipheny ethane (DDM) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-cured systems, the epoxy resin with only 2 wt% loading of DHA-B passed V-0 rating of UL-94 test. Significantly, its glass transition temperature ( T g ) and initial decomposition temperature ( T 5% ) were as high as 169.6°C and 359.6°C, respectively, which were even higher than those of the corresponding original epoxy resin. Besides, DHA-B decreased the combustion intensity during combustion. The analysis of residues after combustion suggested that DHA-B played an important role in the condensed phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
·
2019
·
IF 6.044
Zaihang Zheng,Yuhang Liu,Boya Dai,Chunyu Meng,Zhenxue Guo
In this paper, a mono-component, cellulose-based and intumescent halogen-free flame retardant (HECPM) was prepared by introducing phosphate groups and melamine groups onto the structure of cellulose. And the chemical structure and surface morphology of HECPM was confirmed by FTIR, EDS and SEM, respectively. The thermal degradation tests demonstrate HECPM possesses great expansion property during the inducement of heat and the char residue of HECPM is higher than 43% at 600 °C. Moreover, the synergistic effect of HECPM and EG in flame-retarding polypropylene (PP) was also verified. When 30% HECPM/EG in ratio of 1/3 were introduced into PP , the LOI value reaches 31.5% and it can obtain UL-94 V-0 rating. The conjunct action of HECPM and EG in promoting the char-forming process was also achieved in comparison with the calculated and experimental TGA curves. Along with the investigation on the residue, a potential condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism was primarily proposed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 5.546
Yuqi Liu,Li Yuan,Guozheng Liang,Aijuan Gu
Endowing intrinsic halogen-free and phosphorus-free flame retardant biobased benzoxazine resins (biobased content > 50 %) with ultrahigh thermal stability and high strength is still an important and challenging issue. Herein, starting from citraconic anhydride and para -aminophenol or ortho -aminophenol, two isomeric phenolic compounds containing citraconimide groups, p CI and o CI , were designed and synthesized, each of which then reacted with furfurylamine and paraformaldehyde to synthesize novel para -functionalized benzoxazine monomer ( p CI–fa ) or ortho -functionalized benzoxazine monomer ( o CI–fa ). Results show that p CI–fa and o CI–fa have excellent processability, represented by low melting point ( p CI–fa : 150.0 °C, o CI–fa : 127.7 °C) and low curing temperature ( p CI–fa : 217.6 °C, o CI–fa : 205.5 °C); moreover, interestingly, there is no Diels-Alder reaction between citraconimide and furan groups. The cured resin from p CI–fa or o CI–fa , coded as poly( p CI–fa) or poly( o CI–fa) , has outstanding thermal resistance, tensile properties and flame retardancy. Especially, poly( p CI-fa) has better integrated performance than poly( o CI–fa) , and the initial thermal decomposition temperature ( T di ) of poly( p CI-fa) is as high as 391 °C, obviously higher than the those of all halogen-free and phosphorus-free flame retardant biobased benzoxazine resins (the biobased content > 50 %) reported in SCI database by 3 August 2022. The mechanism behind the integrated performances was discussed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2021
·Vol. 28
·期 11
·7355-7372
·
IF 5.044
Guo Yingbin,Xiao Mengyuan,Ren Yuanlin,Liu Yansong,Wang Yang,Guo Xun,Liu Xiaohui
A novel effective halogen-free flame retardant (FR) rich in phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) was synthesized via Mannich and esterification reaction of ethanolamine, glyoxal, phosphoric acid and urea, and used for the preparation of durable flame retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). Its chemical structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and elemental analysis were conducted to test the phosphorous, carbon and nitrogen contents. The results confirmed that the FR was successfully synthesized and grafted on the lyocell fabric via firm P–O–C covalent bonds. The limiting oxygen index of the FR-lyocell treated with 30 wt% flame retardant finishing solution is 44.6%, demonstrating high efficiency flame retardancy. The thermo-gravimetric analysis indicated that FR-lyocell degraded preferentially than that of the control sample and the char residue was 38.8 wt% at 800 °C in N 2 atmosphere. In addition, the cone calorimeter test revealed that FR-lyocell could not be ignited and the peak of heat release rate was much lower than that of original specimen. Furthermore, the char residue of FR-lyocell is compact and the I D / I G value is 0.771, exhibiting a super degree of carbonization. Moreover, TG-IR result revealed that FR played dual flame-retardant effect in the gaseous and condensed phases. The flame retardant finishing has a negligible impact on the mechanical properties of the fibers. In summary, FR-lyocell exhibits excellent flame retardancy and superior char forming capability, which is suitable for the preparation of flame retardant lyocell fibers. Graphic abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
·
2017
·
IF 1.051
Qianqiong Zhao,Congyan Chen,Ruilan Fan,Yong Yuan,Yalin Xing,Xiao Ma
A halogen-free flame retardant containing nitrogen and phosphorus, 2-[anilino-(6-oxobenzo[c][2,1]benzoxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl]phenol (PDOP), has been synthesized by reaction of benzo[c][2,1]benzoxaphosphinine-6-oxide (DOPO) with 2-(N-phenyliminomethyl)phenol. Halogen-free flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF-PDOP) were prepared using PDOP as a flame retardant. The flammability was investigated using limiting oxygen index, a vertical burning test (UL-94), and a cone calorimeter. When PDOP (10 wt%) as flame retardant was added to RPUF (RPUF-PDOP10%), the limiting oxygen index value was increased from 18% to 27%, and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved; meanwhile, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and the average mass-loss rates of RPUF-PDOP10% were reduced from 246 to 207 kW m−2, from 26.9 to 21.0 MJ/m2, and from 0.043 to 0.033 g/s, respectively. Especially, the initial decomposition temperature of RPUF-PDOP10% was decreased from 228°C to 209°C. The final residual char from decomposition of RPUF-PDOP10% was significantly increased up to 35.6%. The addition of PDOP did not markedly decrease the mechanical properties of the resulting flame-retardant RPUFs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2021
·
IF 4.43
Shanshan Zhou,Yubin Yang,Zhe Zhu,Zhanghua Xie,Xaioyu Sun,Chunfeng Jia,Fude Liu,Junsheng Wang,Jinjun Yang
A novel flame retardant (POCODA) was synthesized using the POC and ODA. The POCODA/APP as a synergistic flame retardant (FR) was incorporated into the poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) to investigate effects of this synergistic FR on the thermal stability , combustion behavior and flame retardancy on the PLA. The limited oxygen index (LOI) value of the PLA-based composites gradually increased with an enhancement in the amount of the POCODA/APP. Except the PLA/5%APP, the V-0 level achieved for other composites. Both the POCODA and POCODA/APP exhibited the self-extinguishing effect on the PLA in the UL-94 test. The pHRR , THR, TSP and other combustion performance parameters of the composites reduced, compared to neat PLA, and the PLA/2%POCODA/10%APP composite exhibited the dense and continuous carbon residue after the CONE measurement and showed most excellent flame retardance. With combination of the results of the SEM , TG-IR and PY-GC/MS measurement, the flame retardant mechanism of the PLA/2%POCODA/10%APP composite was also proposed and discussed in detail.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS RESEARCH INNOVATIONS
·
2024
·
IF 0
Hongdan Hu,Yaowen Wang
The experiment carried out halogen-free flame retardant modification treatment on polyethylene-based wood-plastic composite materials. The results showed that after adding flame retardant, the ignition time of the material increased to 76 seconds, an increase of 22 seconds. At combustion temperatures above 530°C, only a small amount of the material’s residue continues to evaporate. When the temperature rises to 800°C, the difference in the residual carbon content of the samples gradually becomes larger. The residual carbon content of sample 1# is only 10.1%. At this time, the residual carbon content of samples 7#, 8# and 9# are respectively Reaching 27.12%, 27.09% and 25.60%. The above results show that the thermal stability of composite materials has been greatly improved after adding nano-flame retardants, providing new ideas and methods for the application of flame retardant and halogen-free flame retardant materials of wood-plastic composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
ChemistrySelect
·
2023
·Vol. 8
·期 37
·e202301015
·
IF 2.1
Heming Zhang,Chan Meng,Qian Su,Li Dong,Wen Liu,Xiaokang Wang,Yunong Li,Weiguo Cheng
Graphical In this work, a series of halogen-free phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) regulated by steric hindrance were designed and synthesized, for the catalytic synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO 2 and epoxides, the effect of catalyst structures with different steric hindrance on catalytic activity was studied, and a plausible synergistic catalytic mechanism was proposed. The halogen-free bifunctional ILs proposed in this study provides a new insight on catalyst design and CO 2 utilization. In the cycloaddition reaction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with epoxides, halogen catalysts lead to halogen loss and environmental pollution. It is necessary to design efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts. A series of halogen-free phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) regulated by steric hindrance were designed and synthesized. It is further used as effective catalysts for the catalytic conversion of CO 2 into cyclic carbonates. The effect of different catalyst structures on catalytic activity has been investigated. Amino group has been shown to contribute to increased activity, and its location determines the degree of increased activity. Among them, [Bu 4 P] 2 [5-AMP] with meta-substitution showed the best catalytic activity, the conversion of propylene oxide (PO) was 96 % at the optimum conditions of 120 °C, 2 MPa and 3 h. Based on characterization analysis and DFT calculations, the interaction of ILs with CO 2 and PO were revealed. Finally, a plausible synergistic catalytic mechanism was proposed. The halogen-free, metal-free phosphonium ILs proposed in this paper provide a new insight on catalyst design and CO 2 utilization.
研究领域:
化学
·
环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2024
·
IF 7.7
Jie Xu,Xiangrong Liu,Xuehui Yao,Liqing Chen,Fanhui Guo,Yixin Zhang,Zhipeng Xie,Feng Liang,Jianjun Wu
The principal component of cotton fibers is the cellulose biological macromolecule. However, its highly flammable nature has significantly constrained its utilization in fields where flame retardancy is essential. Herein, in this work, a highly effective binary composite flame retardant coating (APP/MEL-SWCNHs) with ammonium polyphosphate and modified single-walled carbon nanohorns (MEL-SWCNHs) was chemically attached to cotton fabric. With the add-on of 11.3 %, the treated cotton fabric (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 exhibited remarkable flame-retardant and self-extinguishing properties. Its LOI value increased to 23.7 ± 0.1 %, and the damage length was significantly reduced from 30.0 ± 0.1 % cm to 7.9 ± 0.1 % cm compared to the pristine cotton fabric. Despite partial carbonization, (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 preserved its original structure. Importantly, in the cone calorimeter test, both the pHRR and THR of (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 were drastically decreased by 71.8 % and 35.8 %, respectively. The APP/MEL-SWCNHs coating functioned as a flame retardant by inhibiting the emission of flammable volatiles, releasing non-flammable gases, and encouraging the formation of char layer during combustion. Significantly, thermal degradation kinetic analysis revealed that the third-order kinetic equation (O3) was found to have the strongest correlation with (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 in both air and N 2 atmospheres. The higher activation energy ( E ) for (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 confirmed that incorporating MEL-SWCNHs improved the thermal stability of the char layer.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）