RbI is the most effective in mitigate PbI 2 precipitation caused by Pb(SCN) 2 while maintaining large grains.
Rb is kept at the grain boundaries during crystallization and Ostwald ripening, contributes to a slow growth of the grains.
Wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells with blade-coated perovskite in air achieved a certified power conversion efficiency of 23%, among the highest values reported.