Membrane filtration technology demonstrates excellent continuous processing capability in organic wastewater treated processes, which is usually applied in continuous industrial processes. However, it still faces a contradiction between membrane flux and treatment efficiency. In this study, a flexible wood-based photocatalytic membrane with high membrane flux and exceptional photofenton performance was developed via partial fragment wood components and uniform loading of multi-metal oxide nanocatalysts, which breaks mentioned contradiction. The homogeneous and efficient wood-based dual-function water filtration/photofenton system was established by leveraging the directional porous structure of wood in conjunction with the nanocatalysts while adjusting their ratios, enabling effective purification of highly concentrated mixed organic wastewater. Under one solar intensity and negative pressure filtration (0.03 MPa), the system treated a mixed solution containing Rhodamine B, phenol , and tetracycline at a concentration of 280 mg L −1 with the removal efficiencies of 100 %, 93.4 %, and 90.2 %, respectively, and the membrane flux could up to 315.3 Lm −2 h −1 within one hour. The membrane showed a good recycling performance, and the decay rates were all below 5 % after five cycles. This wood-based dual-function water filtration/photo-Fenton system provides a new approach for the continuous dynamic treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater on an industrial scale.
Wood-based membranes offer a promising, sustainable platform for oil/water separation due to their intrinsic porosity, renewability, and structural anisotropy. However, current approaches often require complex chemical modifications and lack a systematic understanding of how structural and processing parameters govern separation performance. This study introduced a simple yet robust strategy leveraging intrinsic structural anisotropy of natural wood to fabricate high-performance membranes without synthetic coating or surface functionalization. By altering the cutting direction, two distinct membrane architectures were obtained: cross-section membranes with longitudinal channels enabled the gravity-driven separation of light oil/water mixtures, while longitudinal membranes with interconnected transverse pores facilitated vacuum-assisted separation of oil-in-water emulsions. Quantitative analysis revealed that delignification time and thickness jointly governed wetting and transport behavior. Increasing delignification reduced the water contact angle from ∼115° to <40°, enabling tunable flux (∼90–1000 L m −2 ·h −1 ) and efficiency (75–99.9 %). For CW membranes, flux decreased and efficiency increased with thickness—thinner samples (0.5–1 mm) exhibited the highest flux (∼995 L m −2 ·h −1 ) but moderate efficiency (85–95 %), while thicker ones (∼3 mm) achieved up to 99.8 % efficiency at lower flux. For LW membranes, a similar trade-off was observed: thinner membranes (0.5–1 mm) offered higher flux (75–95.9 % efficiency), intermediate thickness (1–2 mm) balanced both (up to 99.1 %), and thicker membranes (∼3 mm) provided the highest efficiency (98.9–99.9 %) but reduced flux. Through systematic characterization, this study established a clear structure–property–performance relationship, revealing how processing parameters (cutting orientation, thickness, and lignin content) govern key structural features and, in turn, separation efficiency and flux. This work not only provides a sustainable route for fabricating high-performance membranes using natural materials but also delivers quantitative mechanistic insights and predictive design principles for liquid–liquid separation, with broad relevance for environmental remediation and resource recovery.
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