MOLECULES
·
2016
·Vol. 21
·期 5
·540
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IF 2.465
Wenhao Xu,Jingbo Yu,Wen Feng,Weike Su
A novel method for the selective extraction of gardenia yellow and geniposide fromGardenia Jasminoides, based on a mechanochemical method is described. Without the need of complex separation techniques, gardenia yellow compliant with the national standard could be extracted in a simple fashion. The optimal ball-milling conditions determined were as follows: 30% g/g. active carbon milling at 200 rpm in a planetary mill for 5 min. The extraction conditions of the milled mixtures were as follows: the milled mixtures were extracted with water (liquid-solid ratio 10:1) at 20 °C for 5 min with yields 85% of total geniposide, followed by extraction with 80% ethanol solution (liquid-solid ratio 5:1) and 1% g/g. Tween 20 at 75 °C for 5 min to yield 1.45% ± 0.108% g/g of gardenia yellow. The mechanism of this selective extraction was demonstrated to follow a microstructure change of activated carbon, which occurred during milling and lead to alteration of the corresponding desorption capacities. Compared with traditional extraction methods, this novel extraction technique greatly simplifies the separation process, and proves to be advantageous in terms of low organic solvent consumption, easy operation, rapid process and high efficiency.Keywords:Gardenia jasminoides;gardenia yellow;geniposide;mechanochemistry;selective extraction
研究领域:
植物化学
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药用植物学
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分离技术
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2023
·
IF 8.8
Ling Li,Ling Zhou,Gongshuai Song,Danli Wang,Gongnian Xiao,Fuping Zheng,Jinyan Gong
Current production methods of the food colorants, gardenia blue (GB) and red (GR) pigments have low efficiency. One potential approach involves using lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which produce a high level of β-glucosidase, produce the GB and GR using non-toxic and harmless process. The isolated strain Lactobacillus plantarum S3 and the reference strain Lb. plantarum KCTC3104 showed high β-glucosidase activity levels of 1.01 and 1.44 unit/mL, respectively. The 12-h bioconversion yield of geniposide to genipin using two strains were 93.4% and 100%, respectively, which are high conversion percentage. For GB, the maximal production yield obtained using Lb. plantarum S3 and Lb. plantarum KCTC3104 under optimal conditions were 2.17 and 2.18 mg/mL, respectively. For GR, glutamic acid (Glu) with Lb. plantarum S3 is the best combination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an effective alternative method for the production of natural food colorants using LAB.
研究领域:
食品科学
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微生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Foods
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2023
·Vol. 12
·期 8
·1668
·
IF 5.2
Haibo Zhou,Sen Zhang,Lianghua Chen,Yimei Liu,Luhong Shen,Jiuliang Zhang
For many centuries, Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoidesEllis) was highly valued as a food homologous Chinese herbal medicine with various bioactive compounds, including crocin I and geniposide. However, the functional mechanism underlying the hypoglycemic effect of gardenia is absent in the literature. To evaluate the effect of gardenia and its different extracts on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in in vivo and in vitro experiments, the dried gardenia powder was extracted using 60% ethanol and eluted at different ethanol concentrations to obtain the corresponding purified fragments. After that, the active chemical compositions of the different purified gardenia fragments were analyzed using HPLC. Then, the hypoglycemic effects of the different purified gardenia fragments were compared using in vitro and in vivo experiments. Finally, the different extracts were characterized using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and the mass spectrometric fragmentation pathway of the two main compounds, geniposide and crocin I, were identified. The experimental results indicated that the inhibitory effect of the 40% EGJ (crocin I) on the α-glucosidase was better than the 20% EGJ (geniposide) in vitro. However, the inhibitory effect of geniposide on T2DM was better than crocin I in the animal experiments. The different results in vivo and in vitro presumed potentially different mechanisms between crocin I and geniposide on T2DM. This research demonstrated that the mechanism of hypoglycemia in vivo from geniposide is not only one target of the α-glucosidase but provides the experimental background for crocin I and the geniposide deep processing and utilization.Keywords:gardenia;α-glucosidase;crocin I;geniposide;type 2 diabetes mellitus
研究领域:
药理学
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药物化学
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糖尿病研究
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
PHYTOMEDICINE
·
2025
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IF 8.3
Tong Chen,Lijun Ai,Ruonan Shuang,Jichen Diao,Xinyi Yuan,Weiwei Tao,Ling He,Chang Chen
Background Cognitive impairment is the common complication of diabetes, while its etiology remains not fully understood. Gardenia jasminoides is used in traditional Chinese medicine for clearing heat and detoxification. Its effective components Geniposide and Genipin have been found to show protective effect on diabetic cognitive impairment in our previous study. Whereas the effect and mechanism of Shanzhiside methyl ester (SME), another major component of Gardenia jasminoides , on cognitive impairment has been scarcely reported. Purpose The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SME on cognitive impairment symptom in diabetic mice. Methods Diabetes was induced by HFD/STZ. HG/PA induced BV2 cells were used as the in vitro model. Results Network pharmacology and bioinformatic analyses showed that HSP90AA1 might be the target of SME. As a result, SME attenuated cognitive impairment-related behavior in Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. The treatment with SME inhibited inflammation, glycolysis via HSP90AA1/HIF1A/STAT1 signaling both in vivo and in vitro. SME regulated the transcriptions of inflammation, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial stress related genes. The transfection with HSP90AA1 SiRNA or overexpression plasmid, the treatment with HIF1A inhibitor PX478, STAT1 inhibitor Fludarabine suggested that HSP90AA1/HIF1A/STAT1 signaling was required for the anti-inflammatory and anti-glycolytic effects of SME. The treatment with glycolysis agonist oligomycin, hexokinase inhibitor 2-DG, PKM2 activator TEPP46, PKM2 inhibitor Shikonin displayed that glycolysis was critical for the anti-inflammatory effect of SME. It was found that SME might combine with HSP90AA1. Conclusion SME attenuated cognitive impairment symptom of diabetic mice possibly via HSP90AA1/HIF1A/STAT1 mediated anti-inflammatory and anti-glycolytic effects.
研究领域:
药理学
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神经科学
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分子生物学
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生物信息学
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内分泌学
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中医药学
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细胞生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE
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2025
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IF 5.5
Mei Luo,Yuelian Wang,Xiaodong Liu,Lin Liu,Li Zhu,Guo Chen,Qing Ye,Chengshi He,Xujue Xiao,Jike Li
Among the spectrum of digestive system cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a particularly formidable challenge due to its poor prognosis. Geniposide, an iridoid glucoside extracted from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, exhibits a diverse array of biological activities. The goal of this study is to delineate the specific roles and underlying mechanisms of geniposide on the progression of HCC. Cell viability, apoptosis and migration of Huh7 and HepG2 cells were, respectively, assessed via CCK-8, flow cytometry and trans-well assays. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed with a dihydroethidium (DHE) probe. The measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was conducted using JC-1 staining. Ferroptosis-related markers were evaluated by Western Blot assay. Transcriptome sequencing was performed in HCC cells both treated and untreated with geniposide. In vivo experiments were applied with the subcutaneous xenograft tumor model. In vitro experiments revealed that geniposide exerted a concentration-dependent suppression on cell viability and migration, concurrently eliciting apoptosis in HCC cells. Ferroptosis was identified as the main form of geniposide-induced cell death in HCC. Geniposide promoted the iron ions levels, ROS accumulation, and the expression of ferroptosis markers, which were partially reversed by the addition of deferoxamine (DFO, ferroptosis inhibitor). Intersection analysis was applied between upregulated genes of HCC cells and ferroptosis-related genes. DUOX1 was proven to be involved in geniposide-mediated roles in HCC. In vivo experiments further clarified the suppressive effects of geniposide on tumors. Geniposide treatment increased intracellular iron ions and induced ferroptosis in HCC. Geniposide attenuated tumor progression and oxidative stress via DUOX1-mediated ferroptosis.
研究领域:
生物医学
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分子生物学
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药理学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Frontiers in Plant Science
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2024
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IF 4.1
Qian Huimin,Hu Yan,Zhang Haiwen,Chu Shanshan,Peng Huasheng
Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) serves as both a medicinal and edible substance and finds widespread use in various industries. There are often two kinds of medicinal materials in the market: Zhizi and Shuizhizi. Typically, Zhizi with small, round fruit is used for medicinal purposes, while Shuizhizi, characterized by large, elongated fruit, is employed for dyeing. Market surveys have revealed a diverse range of Zhizi types, and modern research indicates that Shuizhizi contains rich chemical components and pharmacological activities. In this study, we collected 25 batches of Zhizi and Shuizhizi samples, categorizing them based on appearance into obovate and round fruits, with seven length grades (A–G). Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) method, we simultaneously quantified 13 main chemical components in fruits of Gardenia species. In addition, we compared the weight percentage of the pericarp, flesh, and seeds parts of samples with different traits, and quantified 13 chemical components in different parts. Results indicated that, aside from a few instances of overlapping fruit size ranges, Shuizhizi generally exhibits larger and longer dimensions than Zhizi. The weight proportion of the Shuizhizi pericarp is often higher than that of the Zhizi pericarp. Quantitative results highlighted significant differences in the chemical component content between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with Shuizhizi generally containing higher levels of iridoids. The PCA and OPLS-DA analysis distinctly divided Shuizhizi and Zhizi, among which three iridoids, two organic acids, and one flavonoid made significant contributions to their classification. Cluster heatmap analysis also demonstrated complete separation between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with clear distinctions among Zhizi samples from different origins. The distribution of the 13 chemical components in different Zhizi and Shuizhizi parts remained consistent, with iridoids and pigments concentrated in the seeds and flesh, and two organic acids and one flavonoid enriched in the pericarp. In summary, this study contributes valuable insights for classifying Zhizi and offers guidance on the rational use of Shuizhizi and the different parts of Zhizi.
研究领域:
药理学
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分析化学
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中药学
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植物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
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2023
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IF 5.4
Xiaoju Zhuge,Xiaosheng Jin,Tingting Ji,Rongzhou Li,Liwei Xue,Weilai Yu,Zijiao Quan,Haibin Tong,Fang Xu
Ethnopharmacological relevance The dried fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Zhizi in Chinese) is a traditional medicine used for thousands of years in China, Japan and Korea. Zhizi was recorded in Shennong Herbal , as a folk medicine, it reduces fever and treats gastrointestinal disturbance with antiphlogistic effects. Geniposide , an iridoid glycoside , is an important bioactive compound derived from Zhizi and possesses remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. The pharmacological efficacy of Zhizi is highly related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of geniposide. Aim of the study Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disease as a global public health threat. Redox imbalance is an essential factor in the progression and recurrence of UC. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of geniposide on colitis and uncover the underlying mechanisms of geniposide-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Experimental design The study design involved investigating the novel mechanism by which geniposide ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in vivo and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged colonic epithelial cells in vitro . Materials and methods The protective effect of geniposide against colitis was evaluated by histopathologic observation and biochemical analysis of colonic tissues in DSS-induced colitis mice. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of geniposide were evaluated in both DSS-induced colitis mice and LPS-challenged colonic epithelial cells. Immunoprecipitation , drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), and molecular docking were performed to identify the potential therapeutic target of geniposide and the potential binding sites and patterns. Results Geniposide ameliorated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis and colonic barrier injury, inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and suppressed activation of the NF-κB signaling in colonic tissues of DSS-challenged mice. Geniposide also ameliorated lipid peroxidation and restored redox homeostasis in DSS-treated colonic tissues. In addition, in vitro experiments also showed that geniposide exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity , as evidenced by suppressed IκB-α and p65 phosphorylation and IκB-α degradation, and enhanced the phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of Nrf2 in LPS-treated Caco2 cells. ML385, a specific Nrf2 inhibitor, abolished the protective effect of geniposide against LPS-induced inflammation. Mechanistically, geniposide could bind to KEAP1 , thereby disrupting the interaction between KEAP1 and Nrf2, preventing Nrf2 from degradation and activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, ultimately suppressing the onset of inflammation caused by redox imbalance. Conclusions Geniposide ameliorates colitis by activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling, while preventing colonic redox imbalance and inflammatory damage, indicating that geniposide can be considered as a promising lead compound for the treatment of colitis.
研究领域:
药理学
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胃肠病学
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分子生物学
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民族药理学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2022
·Vol. 27
·期 9
·2906
·
IF 4.927
Shuying Han,Zhaohua Zhang,Jia Chen,Jie Li,Mi Zhou,Zejian He,Zhen He,Longfei Li
Tympanic membrane perforation (TMP), a common disease, often needs a scaffold as the patch to support surgery. Due to the environment of auditory meatus, the patch can be infected by bacteria that results in failure; therefore, the ideal scaffold may combine biomimetic and antibacterial features. In this work, gelatin was used as the electrospinning framework, genipin as the crosslinking agent, and levofloxacin as an antibacterial in order to prepare the scaffold for TMP. Different contents of levofloxacin have been added to gelatin/genipin. It was found that, with the addition of levofloxacin, the gelatin/genipin membranes exhibit improved hydrophilia and enhanced tensile strength. The antibacterial and cell-cultured experiments showed that the prepared antibacterial membranes had excellent antibacterial properties and good biocompatibility, respectively. In summary, levofloxacin is a good group for the gelatin/genipin scaffold because it improves the physical properties and antibacterial action. Compared with different amounts of levofloxacin, a gelatin/genipin membrane with 1% levofloxacin is more suitable for a TM.Keywords:gelatin;genipin;levofloxacin;nanofiber membrane;tympanic membrane
研究领域:
生物材料学
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耳科学
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组织工程学
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PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts
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2025
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IF 13
Quan Zhou,Zijing Zhao,Litao Wang,Jiandong Wang,Lina Fu,Jihong Cui,Guosheng Liu,Jie Yang,Yujie Fu
The enzyme immobilization technique has been widely applied in biotechnology, biomedicine, and environmental remediation. In this research, carboxylated bamboo-based cellulose nanofibers (BCNFs) were obtained by one-step oxidation modification of bamboo fibers using ammonium persulphate. The surface carboxyl groups of the BCNFs were modified by a crosslinking agent and then combined with polyethylene imine (PEI) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles to construct a microreactor system for enzyme loading by the methods of electrostatic self-assembly and physical adsorption. Contrasted with free β -glucosidase, the microreactor possesses higher relative enzyme activity at pH 5.5 and 50 °C, and the storage stability is significantly higher, with more than 75% relative enzyme activity after storage at 4 °C for 15 d. In addition, the β -glucosidase loaded on the microreactor facilitates its separation from the reaction medium and subsequent reuse. After completing five cycles of use, it retained 76.47% of its initial activity. The biotransformation of geniposide reached 93.10%, and the genipin concentration increased 1.2 folds higher than that in the original plant extract. Therefore, PEI@Fe 3 O 4 @BCNFs microreactor immobilized with β -glucosidase can be successfully used to produce higher activity aglucone such as genipin from geniposide, and it might also have the potential to convert phytochemicals by the immobilized enzyme microreactor system with bamboo-based cellulose nanofibers in the natural production field.
研究领域:
生物技术
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生物化学
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环境工程
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL
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2023
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IF 2.3
Changcheng Zhang,Xiaoqiang Ma,Ting Pan,Yan Zhang,Huiyu Jiang,Jinbo Yao
Monodisperse poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) cationic nanospheres were synthesized by soap-free emulsion polymerization, and were subsequently combined with gardenia to prepare dye/nanospheres. The influence of the concentration of gardenia yellow, rate of vortexing, temperature and pH of mixing on the adsorption capacity and stability of microspheres were thoroughly investigated, and the prepared gardenia/poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) nanospheres acted as liquid pigments to dye the fabric substrates by the impregnation method. In particular, the photostability of gardenia/poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) and the reflection of its dyed fabrics are distinctly described, the comparison of the dyeing property effect between gardenia/poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) and gardenia yellow dyed by mordant dyeing were analyzed. According to the experimental findings, the dyestuff nanospheres have high stability when the pH is 7–8, the mass ratio of gardenia yellow to poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) nanospheres was 12.8:1, the temperature was 60°C for 30 min, and the mixing speed was 500 rpm. Dyeing cotton fabrics with gardenia/poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) produced higher color strength and color fastness than the gardenia yellow with mordant dyeing.
研究领域:
材料科学
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纺织工程
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染整技术
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DOI
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2020
·Vol. 25
·期 20
·4702
·
IF 3.267
Nan Zhang,Mu Luo,Lei He,Lei Yao
Gardenia jasminoidesEllis is a famous fragrant flower in China. Previous pharmacological research mainly focuses on its fruit. In this study, the essential oil of the flower of ‘Shanzhizi’, which was a major variety for traditional Chinese medicine use, was extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Mouse anxiety models included open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), and light and dark box (LDB), which were used to evaluate its anxiolytic effect via inhalation. The involvement of monoamine system was studied by pretreatment with neurotransmitter receptor antagonists WAY100635, flumazenil and sulpiride. The monoamine neurotransmitters contents in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus after aroma inhalation were also analyzed. The results showed that inhalation ofG. jasminoidesessential oil could significantly elevated the time and entries into open arms in EPM tests and the time explored in the light chamber in LDB tests with no sedative effect. WAY100635 and sulpiride, but not flumazenil, blocked its anxiolytic effect. Inhalation ofG. jasminoidesessential oil significantly down-regulated the 5-HIAA/5-HT in the PFC and reduced the 5-HIAA content in hippocampus compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, inhalation of gardenia essential oil showed an anxiolytic effect in mice. Monoamine, especially the serotonergic system, was involved in its anxiolytic effect.Keywords:Gardenia jasminoides;essential oil;inhalation;anxiolytic effect;serotonergic neurotransmission
研究领域:
药理学
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神经科学
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植物化学
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PubMed
高影响因子
BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY
·
2017
·Vol. 32
·期 3
·e4126
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IF 1.613
Fuguo Shi,Hong Pan,Yi Li,Linyan Huang,Qin Wu,Yuanfu Lu
Genipin (GP), an active metabolite of geniposide (GE), exhibits more potent pharmacological effects than its parent compound. In this paper, a sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous determination of GE and GP in rat plasma. We found that GP degraded rapidly in rat plasma at room temperature as a result of irreversible binding with the endogenous nucleophiles in plasma. GP was stable when the sample's pH was ≤4.0. The degradation of GP in rat plasma was well prevented by immediate addition of 5% glacial acetic acid to the freshly collected plasma. The detection was performed on a tandem mass spectrometer coupled with electrospray ionization source in negative mode. Quantification was conducted by multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions [M + CH 3 COO] − m/z 447.3 → 225.3 for GE and [M − H] − m/z 225.2 → 123.1 for GP. The method exhibited high sensitivity (LLOQ 1 ng/mL for GE and 0.2 ng/mL for GP) by selecting the acetate adduct ions as the precursor ions for GE. The robust developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of GE.
研究领域:
药物分析
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药理学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）