Materials
·
2024
·Vol. 17
·期 9
·2170
·
IF 3.1
Kuiju Li,Kezhu Han,Gele Teri,Yuxiao Tian,Menglei Cui,Yunpeng Qi,Yuhu Li
This study analyzes the pigments and binders used in the painted wooden structure of DaZhong Gate in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, China. Five samples were collected from the building and analyzed using techniques such as polarized light microscopy (PLM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy (m-RS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The findings reveal that the red, yellow, green, and blue pigments are identified as lead red, lead chromate yellow, emerald green, and ultramarine, respectively. The white pigment is determined to be a combination of chalk and lead white or anglesite. Considering the production period of the yellow and green pigments, it is inferred that architectural paintings underwent restoration or repainting during the late Qing Dynasty. The analysis of the binder in the pigment using pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) reveals that the binder employed is a protein-based glue. Additionally, the detected presence of Heat-bodied tung oil suggests a potential connection to traditional Chinese painting techniques on wooden surfaces. This discovery not only contributes to the historical research of the Confucius Temple but also provides crucial data for the conservation and restoration efforts of this culturally significant heritage site.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
·
2024
·Vol. 83
·期 1
·1-18
·
IF 2.4
Wang Zhongwei,Yang Shoulu,Liu Zhu,Zhang Zhen,Qing Yan,Wu Yiqiang
A novel approach utilizing tung oil (TO)-based coatings to improve the fire safety and corrosion resistance of wood was presented. This study focuses on the development of methyl 11,13,15-tris((diethoxyphosphoryl)oxy)-10,12,14-trihydroxyoctadecanoate (MTTO), a tung oil-derived structural flame retardant polyol using innovative methods. Synthesizing MTTO from epoxidized TO methyl ester (eTOME) and diethyl aminophosphate achieved a high yield of 91%. Molecular characterization of MTTO was performed using various spectroscopic techniques. The application of 50% MTTO solution coated with 1% tung oil (MTTO-b-TO) treated wood demonstrated excellent flame retardant properties, belonging to UL-94V-0 class of materials. The incorporation of MTTO increased the LOI of the material from 21.4% to 37.9% and 36.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the treated wood with MTTO-b-TO exhibited significantly lower mass loss rates compared to pure wood after undergoing anti-white or brown-rot fungus experiments. These findings provide valuable insights for the rational design of tung oil-based coatings, offering enhanced wood protection, sustainable resource utilization, and reduced health and environmental risks.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 3
·564
·
IF 5
Huafen Wang,Huanhuan He,Jiaxiang Zhang,Juntao Liu,Yuwei Zhuang,Yuanyuan Yin,Zhiyong Ren,Yang Fu,Suqin He
Novel monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) modified hydroxylated tung oil (HTO), denoted asmPEG-HTO-mPEG, was designed and synthesized for drug delivery.mPEG-HTO-mPEG consists of a hydroxylated tung oil center joined by twomPEG blocks via a urethane linkage. The properties ofmPEG-HTO-mPEG were affected by the length of the mPEG chain. ThreemPEG with different molecular weights were used to preparemPEG-HTO-mPEG. The obtained threemPEG-HTO-mPEG polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), respectively. Furthermore, the particle sizes ofmPEG-HTO-mPEG micelles were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). A critical aggregation concentration (CAC) ranged from 7.28 to 11.73 mg/L depending on the chain length of mPEG. The drug loading and release behaviors ofmPEG-HTO-mPEG were investigated using prednisone acetate as a model drug, and results indicated that hydrophobic prednisone acetate could be effectively loaded intomPEG-HTO-mPEG micelles and exhibited a long-term sustained release. Moreover, compared with HTO,mPEG-HTO-mPEG had no obvious cytotoxicity to HeLa and L929 cells. Therefore, monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) modified hydroxylated tung oilmPEG-HTO-mPEG may be a promising drug carrier.Keywords:hydroxylated tung oil;poly(ethylene glycol);drug delivery
研究领域:
材料科学
·
药学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
NORDIC PULP & PAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL
·
2021
·Vol. 36
·期 3
·503-511
·
IF 1.04
Yazhou Xu,Songlin Dai,Liangwu Bi,Yuxiang Chen
A series of tung oil-rosin-based polyester (TRP) used as internal sizing agents were prepared using rosin, tung oil, maleic anhydride, and glycerol. TRP structure and properties were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The TRP latexes were subsequently used as internal sizing agents, and the sizing properties were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a video-based dynamic contact angle measuring device and a Cobb absorbency tester. The optimal conditions for preparing the TRP sizing agent were as follows: the hydroxy-carboxyl ratio of the material was 0.25; the maleic anhydride dosage was 20 % of rosin; and the tung oil dosage was 40 % of rosin. Under the best conditions, the sized paper Cobb-60 was 15.6
g
/
m
2
, the tensile index was 45.1 N·m/g, the burst index was 3.1 kPa·
m
2
/g, and the tear index was 15.6 mN·
m
2
/g.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
·
2018
·
IF 1.712
Wei Zhou,Puyou Jia,Yonghong Zhou,Meng Zhang
Three kinds of tung oil-based structural flame retardants polyols (TOFPs) were prepared by new methods in this paper. First, tung oil was used to produce monoglyceride and diglyceride by transesterification with glycerol by sodium methoxide. The products after transesterification were epoxidized by peracetic acid which was in-situ generated from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. And then, TOFPs were prepared from epoxidized alcoholysis tung oil (EGTO) with 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), diethyl phosphate (DEP) and diethanolamine (DEA) by ring-opening reactions, respectively. GPC was used to evaluate the conversion rate, at optimum reaction conditions, selectivity for monoglyceride in transesterification. The influence of different parameters such as temperature, mole ratio or mass ratio on the conversion rate of transesterification and epoxidation were investigated. The molecular structures of TOFPs were characterized by FTIR and 1 HNMR. Finally, tung oil-based polyurethane foams (TOPUFs) were prepared by a one-shot process using TOFPs with polyisocyanate. The LOI values of TOPUFs whose content of DOPO-EGTO, DEP-EGTO and DEA-EGTO were 100 wt% can reach to 26.2%, 25.1%, and 24.4%, respectively.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2022
·
IF 7.693
Zhongwei Wang,Shoulu Yang,Zhu Liu,Fangjun Ding,Ning Ji,Yiqiang Wu
A novel method for preparing a tung oil-based flame retardant polyol (MTTO) is described. An epoxidized tung oil methyl ester was initially prepared using green nontoxic phosphotungstate (Ag 3 O 40 PW 12 ·xH 2 O) as the catalyst. The MTTO was then produced from epoxidized transesterified tung oil (ETOME) using diethyl phosphate and ring-opening. The MTTO molecular structure was analyzed using FTIR, 1 H, 31 P, 13 C NMR, and HR-MS. Both MTTO and MTTO-coated melamine-modified bamboo showed excellent flame retardation, with a UL-94 rating of V-0, increased LOI from 28.3 % to 36.4 % and 38.7 %, and significant reductions in the PHRR and THR of the untreated bamboo of 42.7 % and 50.6 % and 37.5 % and 42.1 %, respectively. MTTO was effective in both the gas and condensed phases, preventing bamboo degradation through the release of non-flammable small molecules and the formation of a cross-linked phosphorus-oxygen network carbon layer. Moreover, the addition of melamine led to the release of more non-flammable gases, expansion of the char layer, and increased density of the nitrogen-phosphorus-oxygen cross-linked network carbon layer during combustion, resulting in reduced PHRR and THR.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
·
2013
·
IF 3.479
Zhu Xiong,Chao Li,Songqi Ma,Jianxian Feng,Yong Yang,Ruoyu Zhang,Jin Zhu
Bio-sourced polymers, polylactide (PLA) and starch, have been melt-blended by lab-scale co-extruder with tung oil anhydride (TOA) as the plasticizer. The ready reaction between the maleic anhydride on TOA and the hydroxyl on starch led TOA molecules to accumulate on starch and increased the compatibility of PLA/starch blends, which was confirmed by FT-IR analyses and SEM. The TOA could change the mechanical properties and physical behaviors of PLA/starch blends. DSC and DMA analysis show that the TOA layer on starch has an effect on the thermal behavior of PLA in the ternary blend. The enrichment of TOA on starch improves the toughness and impact strength of the PLA/starch blends. The adding amount of TOA in PLA/starch blends primarily determined the compatibility and mechanical properties of the resulted ternary blends. The tensile and impact fracture modes of the PLA/starch blend with or without TOA has also been investigated by SEM analysis.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2024
·
IF 5.6
Kun Zhang,Yigang Wang,Yuwei Chen,Wenbin Li,Qianyong Chang,Zhouyu He,Yu Zhu,Jinrui Huang,Xiaoan Nie
The development of plant oil-based modifiers that significantly improve the toughness of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) while exerting minimal adverse effects on their strength and modulus poses a critical challenge. Biological materials such as nacre , bones , spider silk, and tendons are characterized by the presence of sacrificial bonds, which contribute significantly to their exceptional strength and remarkable toughness. In this study, a tung oil-based epoxy terminated polyurethane (TETPU) was synthesized, drawing inspiration from biological materials. The significant enhancement in toughness was achieved while preserving exceptional mechanical strength by integrating sacrificial bonds through the formation of hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions within the epoxy resin network. The incorporation of 30 wt% TETPU resulted in a 111.7% increase in elongation at break, a 40.29% increase in toughness, and a 90.59% increase in impact strength compared to the neat DGEBA. Additionally, the tensile and flexural strength underwent a decrease of 16.36% and 18.80%, respectively. The exceptional performance can be attributed to the formation of multiple sacrificial bonds between TETPU and epoxy network. The study presents a direct and effective approach for producing plant oil-based epoxy modifiers, resulting in a substantial enhancement in toughness with minimal effects on strength and modulus.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2024
·
IF 5.6
Kun Zhang,Pan Fu,Yigang Wang,Qianyong Chang,Wenxin Yang,Zeyu You,Jinrui Huang,Xiaoan Nie,Jie Chen
Epoxy resins, previously toughened using plant oil derivatives, continue to face the challenge of balancing strength with flexibility due to their extensive fatty acid chains. This research introduces a novel approach, utilizing principles observed in nature, such as sacrificial bonds found in spider silk, bones, and nacre, which confer superior strength and resilience. By incorporating sacrificial π-π interactions into the epoxy resin matrix, using modified tung-oil based additives with reduced fatty segments and an enhanced concentration of functional groups, simultaneous enhancement in toughness and strength is achieved. The newly synthesized tung-oil derivative, tung oil-based glycerol monoester dibutyric acid (TOGDA), retains the conjugated trienes of original tung oil, derived from eleostearic acid. Incorporating merely 5 wt% of TOGDA resulted in notable improvements, with increases of 13.0 % in tensile strength and 196.7 % in impact strength relative to pure epoxy resin. The integration of TOGDA via covalent bonds into the curing network significantly augments its compatibility with the epoxy framework. The inclusion of a minor fraction of TOGDA minimally impacts the dynamic thermal mechanical characteristics and the thermal stability of the enhanced resin. This development is crucial for improving the overall performance of brittle thermoset resins by incorporating modifiers derived from plant oils.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2018
·Vol. 10
·期 2
·133
·
IF 2.935
Guiying Wu,Xiaoling Xu,Xin He,Yunjun Yan
Bio-based polyurethane (PU) composites with superior thermal and mechanical properties have received wide attention. This is due to the recent rapid developments in the PU industry. In the work reported here, novel nano-composites with graphene oxide (GO)-modifiedSapium sebiferumoil (SSO)-based PU has been synthesized via in situ polymerization. GO, prepared using the improved Hummers method from natural graphene (NG), and SSO-based polyol with a hydroxyl value of 211 mg KOH/g, prepared by lipase hydrolysis, were used as raw materials. The microstructures and properties of GO and the nano-composites were both characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. The results showed that GO with its nano-sheet structure possessed a significant number of oxygen-containing functional groups at the surface. The nano-composites containing 1 wt % GO in the PU matrix (PU1) exhibited excellent comprehensive properties. Compared with those for pure PU, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and initial decomposition temperature (IDT) of the PU1 were enhanced by 14.1 and 31.8 °C, respectively. In addition, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the PU1 were also improved by 126% and 102%, respectively, compared to the pure PU. The significant improvement in both the thermal stability and mechanical properties for PU/GO composites was attributed to the homogeneous dispersion and good compatibility of GO with the PU matrix. The improvement in the properties upon the addition of GO may be attributable to the strong interfacial interaction between the reinforcing agent and the PU matrix.Keywords:graphene oxide;Sapium sebiferumoil;polyurethane;nano-composites
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMERS & POLYMER COMPOSITES
·
2021
·
IF 2
Ying Zhou,Can Chen,Lan Xie,Xiaolang Chen,Guangqiang Xiao,Shuhao Qin,Jianbing Guo,Yong He
In this work, novel plasticizing biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites were prepared by melt blending of jute and tung oil anhydride (TOA), and the physical and mechanical properties of PLA/jute/TOA composites were tested and characterized. The impact strength of PLA/jute/TOA composites significantly increases with increasing the content of TOA. The SEM images of fracture surface of PLA/jute/TOA composites become rough after the incorporation of TOA. In addition, TOA changes the crystallization temperature and decomposition process of PLA/jute/TOA composites. With increasing the amount of TOA, the value of storage modulus (E′) of PLA/jute/TOA composites gradually increases. The complex viscosity (η*) values for all samples reduce obviously with increasing the frequency, which means that the pure PLA and PLA/jute/TOA composites is typical pseudoplastic fluid. This is attributed to the formation of crosslinking, which restricts the deformation of the composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物降解材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CATALYSIS TODAY
·
2022
·
IF 6.562
Jinshu Huang,Yumei Jian,Hu Li,Zhen Fang
Biochar materials have wide applications in soil improvement/remediation, water pollution control, gas storage, and heterogeneous catalysis, while usually suffering from low surface areas and harsh preparation conditions. In this study, a green, environmentally friendly, and low-cost biochar catalyst (PAP-MEPP-C) was prepared by thermochemical treatment of lignin-derived monomers at a low temperature (80 °C), and further developed for high-efficiency production of biodiesel from non-edible Jatropha oil ( J O). The characterization results showed that the structure of the PAP-MEPP-C biochar catalyst was layered and 3D structure, and its acidity could be controlled by changing the monomeric composition. The reaction conditions of preparing biodiesel catalyzed by PAP-MEPP-C were optimized by the response surface method, and the obtained maximum biodiesel yield was 97.2%. The kinetics of the (trans)esterification reaction over the developed biochar catalyst PAP-MEPP-C was studied, and its superior catalytic performance to other tested acid catalysts could be supported by a relatively lower activation energy (36 kJ mol −1 ). In addition, the biochar catalyst was highly stable and could be recycled four times with more than 90% biodiesel yield.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
能源化学
·
催化材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）