With increasing concerns over resource depletion and environmental pollution, resource recycling has emerged as a key strategy for promoting sustainable development. Nanofiltration (NF) membranes, characterized by their well-defined pore size and surface charge, offer significant potential for small-molecule separation and resource recovery. However, conventional polyamide (PA) NF membranes prepared via interfacial polymerization often exhibit dense selective layers, resulting in limited permeability and constrained practical application. In this study, a cost-effective and biodegradable biosurfactant, sophorolipids, was employed as a pre-coating agent on porous polyethersulfone (PES) substrates to modify the interfacial polymerization process. The resulting NF membranes demonstrated a nearly fivefold increase in water permeability (from 5 to 25 L m −2 h −1 bar −1 ) while maintaining excellent selectivity—achieving high rejection of large molecular dyes and low rejection of small molecular dyes. The membranes effectively separated dye mixtures containing Alcian blue (MW: 1298.86 g·mol −1 ) and crystal violet (MW: 407.98 g·mol −1 ), as well as dye/salt mixtures with sodium chloride, exhibiting outstanding dye/salt selectivity. These results highlight the strong potential of sophorolipids-modified NF membranes for the sustainable treatment and resource recovery of textile dyeing wastewater.
In this study, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and sophorolipid (SPL) were employed to enhance the water-solubility and stability of wheat gliadin nanoparticles, as well as the delivery properties. The incorporation of EGCG and SPL increased the nanoparticle size to some extent but also introduced additional negative charges. Investigation of non-covalent interactions revealed that hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions were key contributors to the behavior of the nanostructures. The OH, C H and N H groups in wheat gliadin were involved in the reaction earlier than the C O groups. These interactions modified the structure of wheat gliadin. Molecular docking studies indicated that EGCG and SPL bind to distinct sites, with van der Waals forces, π–Sigma interactions, and other forces complementing the primary binding interactions. Loading experiments demonstrated that resveratrol-loaded EGCG-SPL-wheat gliadin nanoparticles exhibited the highest loading efficiency, superior stability, and a clear trend of controlled release in vitro digestion tests.
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