Polymers
·
2021
·Vol. 13
·期 8
·1182
·
IF 4.329
Degang Wang,Jie Ding,Bing Wang,Yingluo Zhuang,Zhixiong Huang
In this paper, a new polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing a phenol group (POSS-Phenol) is prepared through the Michael addition reaction, which is added to the synthesis of phenolic resin as a functional monomer. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to demonstrate the chemistry structure of the synthesized POSS modified phenolic resin. After introducing POSS into the resole, a comprehensive study is conducted to reveal the effects of POSS on the thermal degradation of phenolic resin. First, thermal degradation behaviors of neat phenolic resin and modified phenolic resin are carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, the gas volatiles from thermal degradation are investigated by thermogravimetric mass spectrometry (TG-MS). Finally, the residues after thermal degradation are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The research indicates that POSS modified phenolic resin shows a better thermal stability than neat phenolic resin, especially at high temperatures under air atmosphere. On the one hand, the introduction of the POSS group can effectively improve the release temperature of oxygen containing volatiles. On the other hand, the POSS group forms silica at high temperatures under air, which can effectively inhibit the thermal oxidation of phenolic resin and make phenolic resin show a better high-temperature oxidation resistance.Keywords:polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane;phenolic resin;thermal degradation;residual char yield
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2017
·Vol. 35
·期 12
·1463-1473
·
IF 1.692
Yang Zhen,Li Ning,Yang Xiao-xue,Zhang Xiao-a,Jiang Sheng-ling,Lyu Ya-fei
o -Carborane-containing poly(hydroxy ethers) ( P1 , P2 and P3 ) were synthesized via “advancement reaction” of o -carborane-containing bisphenol ( 4 ) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenols (DGEBA and 1 ). FTIR and 1 H-, 13 C-, and 11 B-NMR were utilized to characterize the obtained polymers. TGA test was conducted under nitrogen and air. It is found that the shielding effect of carborane moiety on its adjacent aromatic structures contributes to high initial decomposition temperatures, while oxygen in air has an adverse effect on the initial decomposition temperature. The oxygen can combine with polymer chain to form peroxide and hydroperoxide groups, which are more reactive during the degradation process. Besides, o -carborane-containing poly(hydroxy ethers) have high char yield at elevated temperatures. The boron atom combines with oxygen from the polymer structure or/and from air, thus to form a three-dimensional network linked with B—O—B and B—C bonds, and retain the polymer weight to a large extent.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2022
·Vol. 148
·期 3
·789-805
·
IF 4.755
Zhu Di,Huang Zhixiong,Shi Minxian,Qin Yan,Zou Zhenyue,Deng Zongyi
BPR has been widely used as ablative material for thermal protection on aircraft surface. In this study, model-free method was employed to study the kinetic models of BPR and ZrSi 2 /B 4 C-Ph composite. In addition, the thermal stability, chemical reaction and structure evolution during pyrolysis of ZrSi 2 /B 4 C-Ph composite were characterized by TGA, XRD, XPS, GC–MS and TG-MS. The results indicated that the pyrolysis of BPR includes three consecutive and overlapping stages. And the kinetic mechanism function f(α) , apparent activation energy E a and pre-exponential factor A of each stage were confirmed. Besides, the high char yield of ZrSi 2 /B 4 C-Ph composite is mainly attributed to the reaction of ZrSi 2 and B 4 C with gases released during BPR pyrolysis, which formed solid phases such as amorphous carbon, ZrO 2 , SiO 2 and B 2 O 3 .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Zeyu Zhu,Xin Zhang,Yuliang Jiang
Benzoxazine resins, a type of thermosetting resin, have drawn increasing research attention due to their advantages in flame retardancy, heat resistance, and waste - free curing. However, balancing multiple advantageous properties like high residual carbon content, low curing temperature, and excellent flame retardancy remains a challenge in their application. In this study, four benzoxazine resin materials were rationally designed and synthesized using inexpensive and readily available 2,4 - dihydroxybenzaldehyde as the starting material. Among them, Poly(EHD – 3apa) stands out with remarkable performance. It has a low curing temperature of 186.1 °C, which can be attributed to the catalytic effect of hydroxyl and aldehyde groups in its structure. Poly(EHD – 3apa) also exhibits high thermal stability, with a heat resistance index (HRI) value of 284, and a high char yield of 67 %. Its outstanding flame retardancy is demonstrated by an LOI value of 40, well above the self - extinguishing material standard. MCC testing and vertical burning tests further confirm its excellent flame - retardant properties. These results indicate that Poly(EHD – 3apa) shows great potential for applications in high - performance composite materials.
研究领域:
高分子化学
·
材料科学
·
热固性树脂
·
阻燃材料
·
复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Applied Sciences-Basel
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 4
·1408
·
IF 2.474
Yu Sun,Yuguo Sun
This work is focused on the optimization of critical process parameters for preparation of boron-containing phenolic resin (B-containing PR), including the molar ratios of formaldehyde/phenol and potassium borate/phenol, reaction time; and measurement of surface tension of B-containing PR solution and wettability between B-containing PR solution and carbon fibers. The effects of the formaldehyde/phenol and potassium borate/phenol molar ratios on the char yield of the B-containing PR was studied. The highest char yield of B-containing PR could be as high as 71% under optimal conditions (molar ratios of formaldehyde/phenol = 1.8 and potassium borate/phenol = 0.2, and reaction time = 13 h). The effect of concentration and tested temperature on the surface tension of B-containing PR solution was investigated, and the wettability between B-containing PR solution and carbon fibers was evaluated for the first time, providing useful theory and experimental data for the preparation of B-containing PR-based composites.Keywords:boron-containing phenolic resin;molar ratio;reaction time;char yield;surface tension;wettability
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
·
2012
·
IF 2.234
Huan Liu,Zi-en Fu,Kai Xu,Hua-lun Cai,Xin Liu,Ming-Cai Chen
A novel Schiff-base liquid crystal diepoxide polymer was prepared via a thermal copolymerization of a Schiff-base epoxy monomer ( PBMBA ) with a diamine co-monomer (MDA). We first proposed that specific effects of highly conjugated Schiff-base moiety on thermal properties of the Schiff-base epoxy polymer ( PBMBA /MDA). Thermal degradation behavior of the polymer was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under nitrogen and under air, respectively. Thermogravimetric data obtained from TGA under nitrogen and under air reveal that PBMBA /MDA exhibits higher thermal stability compared with bisphenol-A type epoxy polymer (DGEBA/MDA) and other mesogene-containing epoxy polymer. It is worth pointing out that the outstanding residual char value for the Schiff-base epoxy polymers had been rarely reported. For thermal degradation mechanism of PBMBA /MDA under nitrogen, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) were used to investigate volatile components, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was used to explore morphologies and chemical components of the residual char. The effects of calcination temperature and calcination time on evolution of morphologies and chemical components of the residual char have been studied. It is proposed that the highly π-conjugated Schiff-base moiety is not only involved in a formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding increasing the onset thermal degradation temperature ( T d ), but also possesses an effective charring ability retarding a further degradation of polymers. Due to the presence of the specific effects, the thermal stability of the Schiff-base epoxy is improved.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2015
·
IF 2.983
Jie Ding,Zhixiong Huang,Yan Qin,Minxian Shi,Chi Huang,Jiawei Mao
The effect of ZrSi 2 on the thermal degradation behavior of phenolic and the role of ZrSi 2 on the ablation resistance of carbon–phenolic (C–Ph) composites are investigated by introducing ZrSi 2 particles into phenolic, and then ZrSi 2 particles into C–Ph composites. Thermogravimetry (TG) analysis illustrates that the residue yield of phenolic at high temperatures is increased by the introduction of ZrSi 2 particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses reveal that the increased residue yield is attributed to the reactions between ZrSi 2 particles and pyrolysis volatiles. Therefore, partial carbon and oxygen elements in the volatiles remain in the thermal residue in the forms of amorphous carbon , ZrO 2 and SiO 2 , respectively. Moreover, the ablation resistance of C–Ph composites is significantly improved by the introduction of ZrSi 2 particles with formation ZrO 2 and SiO 2 during the oxygen–acetylene ablation process . The average linear and mass ablation rates of ZrSi 2 modified carbon–phenolic (Z/C–Ph) composites evidently reduce by comparison with those of C–Ph composites under similar conditions. As depicted in the microstructure, the ablation occurs in volume in C–Ph composites. The oxygen-containing molecules penetrate deeply inside the matrix, thus the ablation by oxidation is accelerated. However, the ablation occurs in surface in Z/C–Ph composites. ZrSi 2 reacts with the oxygen-containing molecules to form SiO 2 –ZrO 2 layer and molten SiO 2 cover on the ablated surface, thus the ablation by the oxidation of matrix and fibers in the interior has been inhibited.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
航空航天工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2024
·Vol. 31
·期 4
·2667-2683
·
IF 4.9
Zhao Jieyun,Xiao Mengyuan,Jiang Lina,Ren Yuanlin,Liu Xiaohui
To endow lyocell fabric with flame retardant and antibacterial properties, tri (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate was utilized to synthesize a phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardant (ATHEIC), which was then used to prepare flame retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). The antibacterial properties of FR-lyocell were achieved by adsorbing copper ions on the fabric surface followed by reducing to copper nanoparticles. The lyocell fabric treated with 30 wt% ATHEIC solution possessed an LOI value of 35.8%, which remained 31.9% even after 20 laundering cycles. The char residue at 800 °C of FR-lyocell under nitrogen and air atmosphere was 48.6 wt% and 27.3 wt%, respectively, indicating excellent char forming performance. Antibacterial tests showed that the modified lyocell fabric had a bacteriostatic zone width of 5.3 mm and 4.6 mm against E . coli and S . aureus, respectively. This work provides a new approach to fabricate multifunctional lyocell fabric with flame retardant and antibacterial properties.
研究领域:
纺织科学
·
高分子科学
·
纳米技术
·
消防安全工程
·
微生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Yuhang Liu,Cong Peng,Ruoxi Fan,Zhanjun Wu
The phthalonitrile monomer (AFPN) containing trifluoromethyl was prepared and blended with the widely used bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBF)/diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) system to prepare a series of thermosets. The incorporation of AFPN endowed the thermoset with obviously promoted thermal stability and flame retardancy. The glass transition temperature (T g ) and char yield at 800 °C in N 2 were 161 °C and 18.1 % respectively for the pure EP/DDS (EP0) which increased to 203 °C and 32.3 % for the thermoset containing 30 wt.% AFPN (EP/AF30). The detailed study on the mechanism of pyrolysis and flame retardancy was presented. The formation of graphite-like nitrogen-containing structure and •CF 3 free radicals during combustion in the solid phase and gaseous phase, respectively, was confirmed. It was confirmed that there was synergistic effect of phthalonitrile and trifluoromethyl on the flame retardancy of the thermoset. Moreover, the dielectric constant decreased from 2.39 to 1.45 at 1 MHz which is favorable for the application as low dielectric materials.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
阻燃材料
·
热分析
·
介电材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Chunlin Chen,Beibei Ren,Guoqing Xiao,Xinyu Bai,Guirong Zhao,Chunyan Chen,Chuanlin Mou
Herein, bio-based dopamine (DA) and phosphorus-rich hexachlorocyclotriphosphine (HCCP) were firstly assembled onto the MXene surface (MXene/DHP) via copolymerization. Notably, the formation of the DHP copolymer introduced a large amount of P and N flame-retardant elements, while the abundant amino/hydroxyl groups in its structure provided active sites for further surface modification. Subsequently, small-sized molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanosheets were uniformly anchored onto the MXene/DHP surface, forming a composite flame retardant with a hierarchical nanostructure (MXene/DHP@MoS 2 ). The MXene/DHP@MoS 2 enhanced EP composite coating achieved the lowest back temperature (167.7 ± 3.3 ℃) and the highest expansion height (24.8 ± 0.99 mm), directly indicating its superior thermal insulation capability due to the excellent thermal insulation properties of the two-dimensional structures of MXene and MoS 2 . The MXene/DHP@MoS 2 /EP composite coating displayed the lowest smoke density rating (42.2 ± 1.32 %) while retaining the highest residual carbon content (29.9 %). This is attributed to that the abundant P and N groups in MXene/DHP@MoS 2 , along with multiple metal ions, catalyzed the conversion of more pyrolysis intermediates into char at high temperature. Additionally, the MXene/DHP@MoS 2 /EP composite exhibited the most complete and dense residual carbon after calcination, with titanium dioxide and molybdenum trioxide uniformly embedded in the carbon layer framework, significantly enhancing its thermal insulation performance. Overall, this hierarchically structured composite flame retardant significantly improved the flame protection capability of water-based epoxy intumescent coatings, further driving the rapid development of fire-resistant coatings.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
·
纳米技术
·
涂层与表面工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2024
·Vol. 14
·期 12
·8204-8213
·
IF 3.9
Fangli Li,Ziqin Huang,Changjiang Liu,Meini Yang,Jixiang Wu,Wenhui Rao,Chuanbai Yu
Currently, additively efficient flame retardants are being developed to enhance the smoke suppression, flame retardancy, and thermal properties of composite materials. To this end, the current study designed and prepared a novel P/N/Si/Zn-containing organic–inorganic hybrid denoted as APHZ. Its inorganic part was 2-methylimidazole zinc salt (ZIF-8), which improved its smoke suppression and catalytic carbonization. The organic part (P/N/Si-containing compound) promoted its flame retardancy and interfacial compatibility between APHZ and epoxy resin (EP). The test results revealed that EP/APHZ-3 composites achieved a V-0 rating and a notable LOI value of 30.7% when introducing 3 wt% APHZ into the EP matrix. Cone calorimetry tests (CCT) further demonstrated that the average heat release rate (av-HRR), total smoke production (TSP), and CO production (COP) of EP/APHZ-3 were reduced by 23.3%, 14.0%, and 21.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the char residual was increased by 60.6%, as compared to pure EP. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanism of EP/APHZ composites was investigated by the XPS, TG-FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The observed synergistic effect of the imidazole skeleton ZIF-8 and P/N/Si-containing compound in APHZ facilitated the generation of a dense multi-element char layer, with the condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism playing a dominant role. These findings contribute to developing and designing high-performance flame-retardant EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 15.1
Junliang He,Ji Zhou,Jizhen Tian,Shuai Li,Yunfei Gao,Zhengguang Heng,Yang Chen,Huawei Zou,Mei Liang
Data-driven methods or computational techniques have opened new paradigms for the rational design of materials. The introduction of specific groups could largely enhance anti-flammable and mechanical properties for epoxy resins. In this work, two high-performance epoxy resins (mABAEP and SAAEP) containing assisted flame-retardant “genes” were designed adopting a material genome approach combined with DFT calculations and synthesized through a one-pot method. The resin can be automatically molded in the presence of a heat source without mixing with hardener, called “self-curing”, which considerably increases the density of assisted flame-retardant “genes”. The presence of such “genes” in epoxy resin could promote char layer formation and release nonflammable gases during combustion, further improving flame retardancy. On the other hand, those “genes” with strong polarity enhance intermolecular forces thus reducing the motility of chain segments. The bending test shows that SAASC (SAAEP after self-curing) has higher flexural modulus and flexural strength (5155 MPa, 125.7 MPa) compared to E51/DDM (2564 MPa, 103.7 MPa), with 101% and 21% improvement respectively. In addition, SAASC has a higher glass transition temperature (217 °C) and char yield (45.0%), as well as superior antibacterial properties, which can satisfy multifunctional applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
计算化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）