POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
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2025
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IF 7.4
Yu Feng,Doudou Li,Weiwei He,Lifen Zhang,Zhenping Cheng
Despite significant progress has been made, fabricating organic flame retardants with excellent fire resistance at low level addition remains a challenging task. In this work, four polyphosphazene covalent triazine (PCT) flame retardants which are named as MTP, B-MTP, CTP and B-CTP respectively, are synthesized through simple precipitation polymerization, and introduced into epoxy resin (EP) to investigate the anti-flammability. An addition of 3 wt% B-MTP significantly improves the char residue at 800 °C and enhances the thermal stability of EP. In addition, the peak heat release rate (p-HRR), fire growth index (FGI), total smoke production (TSP), and total heat release (THR) decrease by 40.2 %, 64.9 %, 32.3 %, and 28.8 %, respectively. Subsequently, the flame-ratardant mechanisms of PCT with different structures are studied in detail using thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy. Interestingly, for the first time the double-faced role of benzene ring in the flame-ratardant performance of the prepared PCT flame retardants is discovered, probably due to the delayed noncombustible gas generation mechanism. This work provides theoretical support for future construction of efficient PCT based flame retardants.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子科学
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化学工程
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消防安全工程
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有机化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
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2019
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IF 3.42
Yufa Sun,Chunyu Liu,Yan Hong,Riping Liu,Xiangdong Zhou
A series of self-crosslinking and flame retardant modified waterborne polyurethanes (SFR-WPU) were synthesized and the chemical structure of SFR-WPU was characterized by FT-IR. Particle size, particle size distribution and zeta potential were tested to evaluate the emulsion stability. Afterwards, SFR-WPU as a finishing agent was coated on polyester fabric. The experimental results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (VBT) indicated that when the content of FRC-6 was 9.07 wt% in SFR-WPU, the LOI, afterflame time, afterglow time and damaged length values of the coated polyester fabric were 27.5%, 4.7 s, 0.0 s and 10.9 cm, respectively, but the LOI, afterflame time, afterglow time and damaged length values of the pristine polyester fabric were only 20.1%, 62.0 s, 0.0 s and 30.0 cm, respectively. Even after AATCC standard washing process, the LOI, afterflame time, afterglow time and damaged length values of the coated polyester fabric changed slightly to be 26.8%, 5.0 s, 0.0 s and 12.3 cm, respectively. Then, the flame retardant mechanism was explored by testing thermal property and char residue of polyester fabrics with thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). It was found that SFR-WPU obviously reduced the initial decomposition temperature of the fabric, but significantly improved the residual carbon content, which was contributed by the synergistic flame retardant effect of P and N elements in SFR-WPU from both condensed-phase and gas-phase, respectively.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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纺织工程
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research
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2025
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IF 2.8
Zhou Haitao,Lu Tianhao,Xia Wulin,Kuang Guankun,Qin Ying,Peng Xiaoxiao,Liu Yan,Xin Binjie
Since the main solvent of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is water, its water resistance is poor. Additionally, the low oxygen index of WPU adhesive films limits their flame-retardant efficacy as coatings, thereby restricting their application scope. To address these limitations, this study independently modified the hydrophobicity and flame retardancy of WPU. First, a cyclophosphonitrile derivative (HCCP-6) was synthesized as a flame retardant. Flame-retardant WPU (NPWPU) was then prepared by reacting the –NH 2 group of HCCP-6 with the –NCO group of a polyurethane prepolymer, incorporating the flame-retardant properties into the WPU polymer chain via free-radical grafting. Next, hydrophobic F-SiO 2 suspensions were prepared and combined with NPWPU emulsions of varying concentrations. The mixtures were sprayed onto cotton fabrics using an airbrush to produce waterproof, flame-retardant polyurethane-coated textiles. Results demonstrated that NPWPU/F-SiO 2 -coated cotton fabrics exhibited water contact angles exceeding 150°, indicating excellent hydrophobicity. These fabrics also showed increased char residue, reduced total heat release, and suppressed smoke production. This performance stems from the synergistic flame-retardant effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), coupled with the high-temperature resistance of SiO 2 , which promotes char formation, shields the material’s inner layers from thermal degradation, and enhances overall flame retardancy.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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纺织技术
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阻燃材料
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表面化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
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2025
·
IF 8.9
Weiwen Gu,Rui Wang,Huaibo Qian,Jingyu Zhang,Jiang Jing,Hongfei Li,Xiaoyu Gu,Sheng Zhang
This study reports our recent effort to address the key challenges of hydrophilicity and inefficiency for conventional intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) through the regulation of interaction modes. Three interaction modes are designed through physical blending (DPAPI/MP, astatic binding), core–shell structure (DPAPI@MP, weak chemical interaction), and covalent bonding (DPAPI-MP, strong chemical interaction). The effect of different interaction modes between piperazine diphosphate (DPAPI) and melamine phosphate (MP) on flame retardancy is analyzed. The introduction of only 20 wt% DPAPI-MP into the PP matrix significantly enhances its flame retardant properties, raising the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increase from 17.2 % to 27.8 % and achieving a UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke release (TSR) decreased by 79 % and 54 %, respectively. The residual char increases to 29.4 % from 0. The flame retardant mechanism involves a topological rearrangement of the triazine ring, which releases non-combustible gases, while acidic compounds facilitate the development of a three-dimensional P-O-C cross-linked structure. For water-resistant performance the PP/DPAPI-MP/RDP cretained the UL-94 V-0 rating even after 168 h of hydrothermal aging at 70 °C. The precipitation rate is reduced to 1.18 wt%, and the tensile strength decreases by only 1.5 %. The PP/DPAPI-MP/RDP exhibit an excellent balance between flame retardancy and water resistance. This study proposes a novel design concept for regulating the interaction modes of flame retardants, offering new insights into the development of water resistant and flame retardant PP.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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消防安全工程
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化学改性
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复合材料
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表面化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER TESTING
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2020
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IF 3.275
Weiqi Xie,Donglin Tang,Shumei Liu,Jianqing Zhao
The development of high-performance biomass-derived epoxy thermosets with excellent flame resistance is vital to various applications (i.e., composites, coatings and adhesives). Herein, a difunctional epoxy monomer bis(2-methoxy-4-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)phenyl) phenyl phosphate (BEU-EP) was synthesized from abundant and biobased eugenol . In addition, BEU-EP was cured by 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and the cured resin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/DDM was used as a reference. Results indicated that BEU-EP/DDM not only showed a 58.1%, 28.8% and 35.1% increase in residual char (at 700 °C), flexural and storage modulus (at 30 °C) compared with DGEBA/DDM, but also exhibited excellent flame resistance and smoke suppression. BEU-EP/DDM passed V-0 rating (in UL-94 testing) with limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 38.4% and greatly decreased the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 84.9% and 80.5%, respectively. The mechanism analysis confirmed that the phosphorus-containing group and aromatic structure from BEU-EP contributed both the gas and condensed-phase flame retardation of BEU-EP/DDM network. This work provides an efficient and scalable route for synthesizing biobased epoxy thermosets with high integrated performance and superior flame resistance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）