Polymers
·
2021
·Vol. 13
·期 8
·1182
·
IF 4.329
Degang Wang,Jie Ding,Bing Wang,Yingluo Zhuang,Zhixiong Huang
In this paper, a new polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing a phenol group (POSS-Phenol) is prepared through the Michael addition reaction, which is added to the synthesis of phenolic resin as a functional monomer. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to demonstrate the chemistry structure of the synthesized POSS modified phenolic resin. After introducing POSS into the resole, a comprehensive study is conducted to reveal the effects of POSS on the thermal degradation of phenolic resin. First, thermal degradation behaviors of neat phenolic resin and modified phenolic resin are carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, the gas volatiles from thermal degradation are investigated by thermogravimetric mass spectrometry (TG-MS). Finally, the residues after thermal degradation are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The research indicates that POSS modified phenolic resin shows a better thermal stability than neat phenolic resin, especially at high temperatures under air atmosphere. On the one hand, the introduction of the POSS group can effectively improve the release temperature of oxygen containing volatiles. On the other hand, the POSS group forms silica at high temperatures under air, which can effectively inhibit the thermal oxidation of phenolic resin and make phenolic resin show a better high-temperature oxidation resistance.Keywords:polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane;phenolic resin;thermal degradation;residual char yield
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2017
·Vol. 35
·期 12
·1463-1473
·
IF 1.692
Yang Zhen,Li Ning,Yang Xiao-xue,Zhang Xiao-a,Jiang Sheng-ling,Lyu Ya-fei
o -Carborane-containing poly(hydroxy ethers) ( P1 , P2 and P3 ) were synthesized via “advancement reaction” of o -carborane-containing bisphenol ( 4 ) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenols (DGEBA and 1 ). FTIR and 1 H-, 13 C-, and 11 B-NMR were utilized to characterize the obtained polymers. TGA test was conducted under nitrogen and air. It is found that the shielding effect of carborane moiety on its adjacent aromatic structures contributes to high initial decomposition temperatures, while oxygen in air has an adverse effect on the initial decomposition temperature. The oxygen can combine with polymer chain to form peroxide and hydroperoxide groups, which are more reactive during the degradation process. Besides, o -carborane-containing poly(hydroxy ethers) have high char yield at elevated temperatures. The boron atom combines with oxygen from the polymer structure or/and from air, thus to form a three-dimensional network linked with B—O—B and B—C bonds, and retain the polymer weight to a large extent.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2022
·Vol. 148
·期 3
·789-805
·
IF 4.755
Zhu Di,Huang Zhixiong,Shi Minxian,Qin Yan,Zou Zhenyue,Deng Zongyi
BPR has been widely used as ablative material for thermal protection on aircraft surface. In this study, model-free method was employed to study the kinetic models of BPR and ZrSi 2 /B 4 C-Ph composite. In addition, the thermal stability, chemical reaction and structure evolution during pyrolysis of ZrSi 2 /B 4 C-Ph composite were characterized by TGA, XRD, XPS, GC–MS and TG-MS. The results indicated that the pyrolysis of BPR includes three consecutive and overlapping stages. And the kinetic mechanism function f(α) , apparent activation energy E a and pre-exponential factor A of each stage were confirmed. Besides, the high char yield of ZrSi 2 /B 4 C-Ph composite is mainly attributed to the reaction of ZrSi 2 and B 4 C with gases released during BPR pyrolysis, which formed solid phases such as amorphous carbon, ZrO 2 , SiO 2 and B 2 O 3 .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Zeyu Zhu,Xin Zhang,Yuliang Jiang
Benzoxazine resins, a type of thermosetting resin, have drawn increasing research attention due to their advantages in flame retardancy, heat resistance, and waste - free curing. However, balancing multiple advantageous properties like high residual carbon content, low curing temperature, and excellent flame retardancy remains a challenge in their application. In this study, four benzoxazine resin materials were rationally designed and synthesized using inexpensive and readily available 2,4 - dihydroxybenzaldehyde as the starting material. Among them, Poly(EHD – 3apa) stands out with remarkable performance. It has a low curing temperature of 186.1 °C, which can be attributed to the catalytic effect of hydroxyl and aldehyde groups in its structure. Poly(EHD – 3apa) also exhibits high thermal stability, with a heat resistance index (HRI) value of 284, and a high char yield of 67 %. Its outstanding flame retardancy is demonstrated by an LOI value of 40, well above the self - extinguishing material standard. MCC testing and vertical burning tests further confirm its excellent flame - retardant properties. These results indicate that Poly(EHD – 3apa) shows great potential for applications in high - performance composite materials.
研究领域:
高分子化学
·
材料科学
·
热固性树脂
·
阻燃材料
·
复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Applied Sciences-Basel
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 4
·1408
·
IF 2.474
Yu Sun,Yuguo Sun
This work is focused on the optimization of critical process parameters for preparation of boron-containing phenolic resin (B-containing PR), including the molar ratios of formaldehyde/phenol and potassium borate/phenol, reaction time; and measurement of surface tension of B-containing PR solution and wettability between B-containing PR solution and carbon fibers. The effects of the formaldehyde/phenol and potassium borate/phenol molar ratios on the char yield of the B-containing PR was studied. The highest char yield of B-containing PR could be as high as 71% under optimal conditions (molar ratios of formaldehyde/phenol = 1.8 and potassium borate/phenol = 0.2, and reaction time = 13 h). The effect of concentration and tested temperature on the surface tension of B-containing PR solution was investigated, and the wettability between B-containing PR solution and carbon fibers was evaluated for the first time, providing useful theory and experimental data for the preparation of B-containing PR-based composites.Keywords:boron-containing phenolic resin;molar ratio;reaction time;char yield;surface tension;wettability
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
·
2012
·
IF 2.234
Huan Liu,Zi-en Fu,Kai Xu,Hua-lun Cai,Xin Liu,Ming-Cai Chen
A novel Schiff-base liquid crystal diepoxide polymer was prepared via a thermal copolymerization of a Schiff-base epoxy monomer ( PBMBA ) with a diamine co-monomer (MDA). We first proposed that specific effects of highly conjugated Schiff-base moiety on thermal properties of the Schiff-base epoxy polymer ( PBMBA /MDA). Thermal degradation behavior of the polymer was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under nitrogen and under air, respectively. Thermogravimetric data obtained from TGA under nitrogen and under air reveal that PBMBA /MDA exhibits higher thermal stability compared with bisphenol-A type epoxy polymer (DGEBA/MDA) and other mesogene-containing epoxy polymer. It is worth pointing out that the outstanding residual char value for the Schiff-base epoxy polymers had been rarely reported. For thermal degradation mechanism of PBMBA /MDA under nitrogen, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) were used to investigate volatile components, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was used to explore morphologies and chemical components of the residual char. The effects of calcination temperature and calcination time on evolution of morphologies and chemical components of the residual char have been studied. It is proposed that the highly π-conjugated Schiff-base moiety is not only involved in a formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding increasing the onset thermal degradation temperature ( T d ), but also possesses an effective charring ability retarding a further degradation of polymers. Due to the presence of the specific effects, the thermal stability of the Schiff-base epoxy is improved.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2015
·
IF 2.983
Jie Ding,Zhixiong Huang,Yan Qin,Minxian Shi,Chi Huang,Jiawei Mao
The effect of ZrSi 2 on the thermal degradation behavior of phenolic and the role of ZrSi 2 on the ablation resistance of carbon–phenolic (C–Ph) composites are investigated by introducing ZrSi 2 particles into phenolic, and then ZrSi 2 particles into C–Ph composites. Thermogravimetry (TG) analysis illustrates that the residue yield of phenolic at high temperatures is increased by the introduction of ZrSi 2 particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses reveal that the increased residue yield is attributed to the reactions between ZrSi 2 particles and pyrolysis volatiles. Therefore, partial carbon and oxygen elements in the volatiles remain in the thermal residue in the forms of amorphous carbon , ZrO 2 and SiO 2 , respectively. Moreover, the ablation resistance of C–Ph composites is significantly improved by the introduction of ZrSi 2 particles with formation ZrO 2 and SiO 2 during the oxygen–acetylene ablation process . The average linear and mass ablation rates of ZrSi 2 modified carbon–phenolic (Z/C–Ph) composites evidently reduce by comparison with those of C–Ph composites under similar conditions. As depicted in the microstructure, the ablation occurs in volume in C–Ph composites. The oxygen-containing molecules penetrate deeply inside the matrix, thus the ablation by oxidation is accelerated. However, the ablation occurs in surface in Z/C–Ph composites. ZrSi 2 reacts with the oxygen-containing molecules to form SiO 2 –ZrO 2 layer and molten SiO 2 cover on the ablated surface, thus the ablation by the oxidation of matrix and fibers in the interior has been inhibited.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
航空航天工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2021
·
IF 4.43
Yuan Wang,Yuanbo Cai,Hao Zhang,Ji Zhou,Shengtai Zhou,Yang Chen,Mei Liang,Huawei Zou
In this study, the high-performance PDMS elastomer was successfully prepared by constructing epoxy/silicone hybrid network through hydrosilylation and epoxide-opening reaction. The tensile strength , elongation at break and shear strength of the prepared hybrid material were increased by 200.0%, 59.6%, 140.6% respectively when compared with the pure PDMS. The thermal residual weight of the hybrid material at 800 °C in N 2 was kept at 56.9%. The thermal degradation mechanism of hybrid material was investigated through TG-IR analysis. Friedman technique was used to compute the kinetic parameters of degradation reaction. Meanwhile, the composition and structure of residual char of hybrid material after thermal degradation at 800 °C was systematically characterized. Results indicated that the high-performance PDMS elastomer with excellent thermal and mechanical properties was expected to be applied in many prospects such as thermal protective coating, high temperature resistant adhesive and ablative material matrix.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2024
·Vol. 31
·期 4
·2667-2683
·
IF 4.9
Zhao Jieyun,Xiao Mengyuan,Jiang Lina,Ren Yuanlin,Liu Xiaohui
To endow lyocell fabric with flame retardant and antibacterial properties, tri (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate was utilized to synthesize a phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardant (ATHEIC), which was then used to prepare flame retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). The antibacterial properties of FR-lyocell were achieved by adsorbing copper ions on the fabric surface followed by reducing to copper nanoparticles. The lyocell fabric treated with 30 wt% ATHEIC solution possessed an LOI value of 35.8%, which remained 31.9% even after 20 laundering cycles. The char residue at 800 °C of FR-lyocell under nitrogen and air atmosphere was 48.6 wt% and 27.3 wt%, respectively, indicating excellent char forming performance. Antibacterial tests showed that the modified lyocell fabric had a bacteriostatic zone width of 5.3 mm and 4.6 mm against E . coli and S . aureus, respectively. This work provides a new approach to fabricate multifunctional lyocell fabric with flame retardant and antibacterial properties.
研究领域:
纺织科学
·
高分子科学
·
纳米技术
·
消防安全工程
·
微生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2016
·Vol. 6
·期 16
·13418-13425
·
IF 3.289
Fubin Luo,Kun Wu,Mangeng Lu
The influence of polybenzoxazine modified ammonium polyphosphate (BMAPP) on the thermal behavior and flame retardancy of a rigid polyurethane foam (PU) are investigated via thermogravimetric analysis (TG), TG coupled with infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), UL-94 vertical burning testing and limit oxygen index (LOI). The TG testing results indicate that BMAPP can enhance the thermal stability of PU, both under air and nitrogen conditions. The initial degradation temperature of the BMAPP/PU composites is 264 °C in air, which is 22 °C and 30 °C higher than that of ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/PU composites and neat PU, respectively. The reason might be attributed to the better dispersion and compatibility of BMAPP particles in PU compared with APP, which can prevent the PU chain from degrading at low temperatures. The LOI value results demonstrate that BMAPP has higher flame retardancy in PU than APP. Residue analysis implies that polybenzoxazine is partially converted into Si–O as char residue during combustion.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
·
阻燃材料
·
热功能材料
·
复合材料学
·
材料化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Li Tian,Ronghua Chen,Jiang Tan,Fan zhang,Junhong Guo,Bo Mu
To enhance the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of epoxy resins (EP), this study reports the synthesis of a high-efficiency flame retardant (SLDH-Ni-KD) through sequential intercalation modification and surface functionalization of layered double hydroxide (LDH). The optimized design addresses both the flame-retardant efficacy enhancement and the inherent compatibility limitations of LDH in EP matrices. Comprehensive combustion characterization was conducted through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry testing (CCT), limiting oxygen index (LOI) determination, and UL-94 vertical burning assessment. The underlying flame-retardant mechanism was systematically investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry-infrared spectroscopy analysis of char residues. Experimental results revealed that the synergistic interaction between LDH and DOPO components, combined with the bi-phase catalytic charring effects mediated by magnesium/aluminum ions, enabled the 7% SLDH-Ni-KD/EP composite to achieve exceptional fire safety performance. Specifically, the composite demonstrated an elevated LOI value of 33.8% ± 0.1%, accompanied by substantial reductions in total heat release (THR) and smoke production rate (SPR). Mechanical property assessments identified 5 wt.% SLDH-Ni-KD as the optimal loading for maintaining EP matrix compatibility. This work successfully develops an innovative LDH-based nano-flame-retardant system that integrates high-efficiency fire-retardant and smoke-suppressing functionalities, establishing a novel multielement synergistic strategy for polymer flame retardancy.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
消防安全工程
·
纳米技术
·
化学改性
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Yu Feng,Doudou Li,Weiwei He,Lifen Zhang,Zhenping Cheng
Despite significant progress has been made, fabricating organic flame retardants with excellent fire resistance at low level addition remains a challenging task. In this work, four polyphosphazene covalent triazine (PCT) flame retardants which are named as MTP, B-MTP, CTP and B-CTP respectively, are synthesized through simple precipitation polymerization, and introduced into epoxy resin (EP) to investigate the anti-flammability. An addition of 3 wt% B-MTP significantly improves the char residue at 800 °C and enhances the thermal stability of EP. In addition, the peak heat release rate (p-HRR), fire growth index (FGI), total smoke production (TSP), and total heat release (THR) decrease by 40.2 %, 64.9 %, 32.3 %, and 28.8 %, respectively. Subsequently, the flame-ratardant mechanisms of PCT with different structures are studied in detail using thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy. Interestingly, for the first time the double-faced role of benzene ring in the flame-ratardant performance of the prepared PCT flame retardants is discovered, probably due to the delayed noncombustible gas generation mechanism. This work provides theoretical support for future construction of efficient PCT based flame retardants.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
化学工程
·
消防安全工程
·
有机化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）