JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
·
2020
·
IF 3.69
Hailin Long,Xuehong Qiu,Li Cao,Guiqing Liu,Zhongchen Rao,Richou Han
Ethnopharmacological relevance The Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Thitarodes insect- Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus complex in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines and health food for ameliorating conditions associated with aging and for treating fatigue, night sweats, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, respiratory, renal and liver diseases, and hyposexuality. The natural Chinese cordyceps resource is rare due to its harsh growing environment, limited geographical distribution and global climate warming. Artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps has been successfully established to meet its high demand in market. Aims of the study The present study aims to evaluate the toxicological safety of the cultivated Chinese cordyceps and provide scientific data for subsequent development and utilization of this valuable biological resource. Materials and methods The Chinese cordyceps was cultivated by mimicking the habitat environment in low-altitude areas and identified by morphological and microscopic characteristics. Its phytochemical profile was determined by the HPLC. Toxicological studies based on the cultivated Chinese cordyceps were conducted, including chromosomal aberration test of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, Ames test, acute toxicity test and micronucleus (MN) test of bone marrow cells. Results The Chinese cordyceps successfully cultivated in low-altitude areas exhibited the same morphological and microscopic characteristics as natural Chinese cordyceps. The adenosine content was in accordance with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition). The HPLC fingerprint was determined and five main chromatographic peaks representing uracil, uridine, inosine, guanosine and adenosine were identified. No dose-dependent increase in the rates of chromosomal aberration was detected in the presence or absence of metabolic activation system. Ames test also demonstrated no dose-dependent increase in the number of reversion mutation for five bacterial strains, with or without rat liver microsomal enzyme mixture (S9) metabolic activation, at a quantity range of 128–5000 μg cultivated Chinese cordyceps per plate. The acute toxicity test with mice showed that after 20 g/kg oral administration of cultivated Chinese cordyceps, neither animal death nor any abnormal change in general dissection of various tissues and organs of the animals were found within 14 days. The median lethal dose (LD 50 ) was greater than 5 g/kg, which is regarded as a non-toxic level, and maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of cultivated Chinese cordyceps in ICR mice was more than 20 g/kg. MN test of mouse bone marrow cells indicated no significant differences among each sample dose and the negative control. Conclusion Based on the results from four toxicological tests, it was concluded that the cultivated Chinese cordyceps was classified as non-toxic in one single administration at high doses by intragastric route in mice. This study provides scientific experimental basis for its safety.
研究领域:
药理学
·
毒理学
·
传统中药研究
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
·
2020
·
IF 6.551
Wei Li,Baoling Lyu,Jiping Li,Gregory V. Korshin,Meng Zhang,Yinlong Zhang,Pingping Li,Jiangang Han
Roxithromycin (ROX) is a widely used macrolide antibiotic and its environmental fate and ecotoxicity have attracted considerable attention. In this study, the phototransformation kinetics and products of ROX under the irradiation of simulated sunlight were investigated. The ecotoxicity of ROX before and after phototransformation were also examined using the bioluminescence bioassay and algae growth inhibition test. The results showed that ROX underwent direct photolysis and indirect photolysis in the presence of Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM). The kinetic rate constant of the photodegradation of ROX in the presence of 20 mg·L −1 SRHA and SRNOM were 4.0 and 3.6 times higher than direct photolysis in the absence of dissolved organic matter (DOM). A total of 20 phototransformation products (PTPs) formed as a result of the photodegradation of ROX by simulated solar irradiation were identified, and 10 of them were reported for the first time. The PTPs were generally formed through the N -demethylation, O -demethylation or direct cleavage of the side chain, desosamine or cladinose moiety from ROX. Solutions containing ROX and its PTPs showed an increased toxicity to Vibrio fischeri , demonstrating some PTPs were more toxic to V. fischeri . On the other hand, the toxicity of ROX after irradiation to Chlorella pyrenoidosa decreased, suggesting the phototransformation of ROX in the environment may be a positive outcome in the context of the growth of green algae .
研究领域:
环境科学
·
生态毒理学
·
药理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2023
·
IF 8.8
Mingjie Lv,Tian Zhang,Haobo Ya,Yi Xing,Xin Wang,Bo Jiang
Microplastics are plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter and are widely present in water environments. Their unique surface structures can adsorb coexisting pollutants in the surrounding environment, such as antibiotics and metal ions , leading to compound pollution. The adsorption of ciprofloxacin on polyethylene microplastics under different environmental conditions (pH and salinity) was investigated. The Freundlich model fitted well at 25 °C, indicating that the adsorption of ciprofloxacin by polyethylene microplastics was multilayered, and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that the adsorption of ciprofloxacin by polyethylene microplastics was physical. The kinetic adsorption of ciprofloxacin on polyethylene microplastics followed a pseudo-second-order mode. Heavy metals (Cu 2+ , Cr 3+ , Cr 6+ , Cd 2+ , and Pb 2+ ) affected the adsorption of ciprofloxacin by microplastics, which was related to the type and concentration of metal ions and the valence state of the ions. The acute toxicity of microplastics and the microplastic-ciprofloxacin-Cu 2+ complex were evaluated using luminescent Photobacterium phosphoreum , demonstrating the polyethylene toxicity microplastic-ciprofloxacin-Cu 2+ complex was mainly caused by Cu 2+ and ciprofloxacin rather than microplastics. This study provides theoretical support for the environmental behavior and ecological effects of microplastics in aqueous environments.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
生态学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2023
·
IF 8.8
Tianyuan Xu,Ting Chen,Zhenhua Chen,Yijun Cao,Yaowen Xing,Xiahui Gui
A photochemical system combining iron (hydr)oxides and oxalate (Ox) shows application prospects in wastewater treatment due to the abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Nevertheless, it is a challenge to the investigate photochemical activity of iron (hydr)oxides/Ox systems with varying structural properties. Herein, the photochemical behaviors of Ox on goethite (Gt) surface from the view of structural dependent activity, containment degradation, and ROS generation were explored in detail. Results confirmed that bidentate mononuclear was formed on Gt surface after complexing Ox. Combined with density functional theory calculation and pH time evolution during aniline degradation, the photochemical activity of the Gt/Ox system fell in between that of ferrihydrite/Ox and hematite/Ox systems. After irradiating 120 min visible light, 96.5% aniline was degraded by 1.0 mM Ox and 0.2 g/L Gt. The amount of •OH in vis/Gt/Ox system could be up to 309.3 μM and its generation was closely associated with Fe(II) while slightly affected by the generated H 2 O 2 . Moreover, as revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and Ecological Structure Activity Relationships software, the toxicity of the intermediates of aniline degradation in the vis/Gt/Ox system towards fish and green algae increased first but then declined accompanied by the generation of non-toxic ring-opening products at the end of reaction. According to the findings in the presented study, it could be concluded that vis/Gt/Ox is a promising approach to wiping out aniline wastewater.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Scientific Reports
·
2021
·Vol. 11
·期 1
·1-13
·
IF 4.38
Tang Xi,Zhang Yifei,Li Weiqi,Geng Jinju,Ren Hongqiang,Xu Ke
Humic acid (HA) is the main component of organic matter in effluent from wastewater treatment. The effective removal of HA is significant. In this study, a novel catalyst was prepared using a transition metal oxide as the active component and Al 2 O 3 as a granular carrier. The mechanism of catalytic ozonation of HA under neutral pH conditions and its efficiency were investigated. Under the chosen conditions (an ozone concentration of 2.2 mg/L, 50 mg/L HA solution, catalyst dosage of 5 g/L and initial pH of 6.49), the Cu/Ce–Al 2 O 3 bimetallic catalyst led to 54.79% TOC removal rate after 30 min; the removal rate by ozone alone was only 20.49%. The characteristics of organic compounds determined by FT-IR and GC–MS showed that organic compounds were degraded significantly by the catalytic treatment. The addition of catalysts could effectively degrade toxic intermediates and reduce the acute toxicity produced by ozonation. Humic acid substances were largely removed and transformed into biodegradable intermediates. This study proposes a new and efficient ozonation catalyst for practical applications in advanced wastewater treatment.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
化学工程
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
WATER RESEARCH
·
2016
·
IF 5.991
Jing Chen,Ruijuan Qu,Xiaoxue Pan,Zunyao Wang
In this study, we systematically investigated the potential applicability of potassium permanganate for removal of triclosan (TCS) in water treatment . A series of kinetic experiments were carried out to study the influence of various factors, including the pH, oxidant doses, temperature, and presence of typical anions (Cl − , SO 4 2− , NO 3 − ), humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA) on triclosan removal. The optimal reaction conditions were: pH = 8.0, [TCS] 0 :[KMnO 4 ] 0 = 1:2.5, and T = 25 °C, where 20 mg/L of TCS could be completely degraded in 120 s. However, the rate of TCS (20 μg/L) oxidation by KMnO 4 ([TCS] 0 :[KMnO 4 ] 0 = 1:2.5) was 1.64 × 10 −3 mg L −1 ·h −1 , lower than that at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L (2.24 × 10 3 mg L −1 ·h −1 ). A total of eleven products were detected by liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis, including phenol and its derivatives, benzoquinone , an organic acid , and aldehyde. Two main reaction pathways involving C O bond cleavage (−C(8) O(7)−) and benzene ring opening (in the less chlorinated benzene ring) were proposed, and were further confirmed based on frontier electron density calculations and point charges. Furthermore, the changes in the toxicity of the reaction solution during TCS oxidation by KMnO 4 were evaluated by using both the luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum and the water flea Daphnia magna . The toxicity of 20 mg/L triclosan to D. magna and P. phosphoreum after 60 min was reduced by 95.2% and 43.0%, respectively. Phenol and 1,4-benzoquinone, the two representative degradation products formed during permanganate oxidation, would yield low concentrations of DBPs (STHMFP, 20.99–278.97 μg/mg; SHAAFP, 7.86 × 10 −4 −45.77 μg/mg) after chlorination and chloramination. Overall, KMnO 4 can be used as an effective oxidizing agent for TCS removal in water and wastewater treatment .
研究领域:
环境科学
·
水处理工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2021
·
IF 7.086
Shizong Wang,Jianlong Wang
Chloroaniline is a typical organic pollutant in chemical wastewater, which cannot be effectively removed in conventional wastewater treatment processes . In this study, ionizing radiation was used as advanced treatment process to degrade 2-chloroaniline (2-CA). The results showed that 10 mg/l of 2-CA could be completely degraded at 1 kGy. The required dose for completely degrading 2-CA by radiation increased when its initial concentration increased. Solution pH affected 2-CA degradation by changing the radiation-chemical yield of reactive species. Chloride ions (10 and 100 mM) had not obvious influence on 2-CA degradation. Hydrogen radicals, hydrated electrons and hydroxyl radicals , all contributed to the degradation of 2-CA, but with different degradation mechanisms. Hydrogen radicals and hydrated electrons could initiate reductive dechlorination of 2-CA, while hydroxyl radicals can degrade 2-CA by hydroxylation. 6-amino-1,4-cyclohexadiene and chlorobenzene were the main intermediate products of 2-CA degradation in the hydrogen radicals or hydrated electrons dominant process; while o-hydroxyaniline and nitroso-chlorobenzene were the main intermediate products in the hydroxyl radicals dominant process. The solution toxicity after radiation treatment varied with the initial concentration of 2-CA and the absorbed dose. In the actual chemical wastewater, 2-CA can be effectively removed by radiation, even in the presence of high concentration of chloride ions (about 2800 mg/l). The solution toxicity of actual wastewater decreased with the increase of adsorbed dose. This study provided an insight into the 2-CA degradation by radiation, and demonstrated that radiation could be an alternative option for the treatment of chloroaniline-containing chemical wastewater.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2022
·
IF 8.943
Feng Jiang,Wanqin Wu,Zhengwei Zhu,Songsong Zhu,Huixia Wang,Li Zhang,Zhiyong Fan,Yiping Chen
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an extensively used organophosphorus pesticide. Recently, it has attracted increasing attention due to environmental health problems caused by it. Although numerous studies have discovered the dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF, its structure and toxicity remain largely unknown. In this study, we systematically investigated the structure and toxicity of dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF. The CPF degradation experiment was performed, and its products were identified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap fusion tribid mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Orbitrap Fusion TMS). Additionally, bond dissociation energy (BDE) calculations and photoproduct chemical synthesis were employed to determine the structure of dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF. The toxicity of CPF photoproduct was evaluated through the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) Class Program, the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) software, and acute toxicity testing. The results indicated that the dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF was identified as O,O-Diethyl-O-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate (Dechloro-CPF), which was produced in large quantity within the first 30 min of photodegradation experiment. The acute and chronic toxicity values of Dechloro-CPF were obviously higher than those for the other two photoproducts. The median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of Dechloro-CPF was 31.6 mg/kg for female mice and 58.4 mg/kg for male mice. This study reveals the photodegradation mechanism of CPF and confirms that Dechloro-CPF was dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF with potential acute toxicity to aquatic species and mammalian (including human). Our findings will contribute to a more comprehensive risk evaluation of CPF in food and the environment.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
·
农药研究
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2010
·
IF 4.144
Bin Yang,Guang-Guo Ying,Jian-Liang Zhao,Li-Juan Zhang,Yi-Xiang Fang,Long Duc Nghiem
The oxidation of triclosan by commercial grade aqueous ferrate (Fe(VI)) was investigated and the reaction kinetics as a function of pH (7.0–10.0) were experimentally determined. Intermediate products of the oxidation process were characterized using both GC–MS and RRLC–MS/MS techniques. Changes in toxicity during the oxidation process of triclosan using Fe(VI) were investigated using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition tests. The results show that triclosan reacted rapidly with Fe(VI), with the apparent second-order rate constant, k app , being 754.7 M −1 s −1 at pH 7. At a stoichiometric ratio of 10:1 (Fe(VI):triclosan), complete removal of triclosan was achieved. Species-specific rate constants, k , were determined for reaction of Fe(VI) with both the protonated and deprotonated triclosan species. The value of k determined for neutral triclosan was 6.7(±1.9) × 10 2 M −1 s −1 , while that measured for anionic triclosan was 7.6(±0.6) × 10 3 M −1 s −1 . The proposed mechanism for the oxidation of triclosan by the Fe(VI) involves the scission of ether bond and phenoxy radical addition reaction. Coupling reaction may also occur during Fe(VI) degradation of triclosan. Overall, the degradation processes of triclosan resulted in a significant decrease in algal toxicity. The toxicity tests showed that Fe(VI) itself dosed in the reaction did not inhibit green algae growth.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
·
2021
·Vol. 38
·期 12
·1149-1157
·
IF 1.907
Zhimeng Zhang,Yuqin Wang,Feng Jiang,Qingjing Liu,Di Lang
Fenton reaction is extensively used in wastewater treatment to produce •OH, which can be used to remove organic pollutants excellently. However, the greatest issue of the process is the low efficiency of Fe2+/Fe3+ conversion cycle and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposition rate (<30%). In this study, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was used as a co-catalyst in Fenton system to accelerate the oxidation of acid orange 7 (AO7) dye. The enhanced removal efficiency was attributed to that the unsaturated S atoms on the surface of MoS2 could capture the protons in solutions and turn into H2S, exposing the active sites with reducibility and accelerating the conversion of Fe2+/Fe3+. A high degradation rate of 98% was obtained in 30 min under the optimal conditions of AO7 concentration 100 mg/L, MoS2 6 g/L, FeSO4·7H2O 50 mg/L, H2O2 concentration 1.5 mmol/L, and pH 3.5. Furthermore, the degradation pathway and mechanism of AO7 were thoroughly discussed. The toxicity of the intermediates during the degradation progress slightly increased initially, which then decreased to nontoxicity. MoS2 can keep stable, which can maintain high AO7 removal efficiency even after being reused for seven times. Moreover, the obtained results provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the application of inorganic co-catalyst in practical wastewater remediation applications.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 16.744
Linning Yin,Junyan Wei,Yumeng Qi,Zhengnan Tu,Ruijuan Qu,Chao Yan,Zunyao Wang,Feng Zhu
In this work, we systematically investigated the transformation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the heat-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system. The degradation efficiency of PCP increased with initial PMS concentration, temperature and pH. The calculated % reaction stoichiometric efficiency (RSE) reached up to 92.2%. SO 4 2− was found to promote the degradation of PCP, because it significantly enhanced the generation of HO • and SO 4 •− as confirmed by EPR experiments. According to the radical quenching tests, SO 4 •− was the dominant reactive radical for PCP degradation. A total of 10 intermediates were identified, and hydroxylation, sulfate addition, dechlorination and oligomerization were speculated as main reaction pathways. Then, possible reactions between reactive radicals and substrate were calculated at the m062x/land2dz level to interpret the mechanisms of different reactions. It was found that ionic PCP had lower activation energy than molecular PCP, and hence showed higher reactivity towards SO 4 •− and HO • in the course of radical addition reaction. As for the coupling reaction, SO 4 •− more likely to react with ionic PCP to generate phenoxy radicals than HO • , due to the negative Gibbs free energy change. Meanwhile, the abstraction of an Cl atom by HO • was confirmed to be the first step for the formation of dechlorination products. In addition, toxicity evaluation by ECOSAR and TEST programs illustrated that the toxicity of reaction products was all lower than that of PCP. Findings of this work demonstrated the feasibility of this PMS/heat method for effective removal of PCP in contaminated waters.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2018
·
IF 6.735
Xiuwei Ao,Wenjun Sun,Simiao Li,Chao Yang,Chen Li,Zedong Lu
This study employed the medium pressure UV/peroxymonosulfate (MPUV/PMS), a new sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process, to eliminate tetracycline (TTC) in water. At pH = 3.7, initial TTC concentration of 11.25 μM, PMS dosage of 0.2 mM and UV dose of 250 mJ cm −2 , 82% of TTC was degraded by MPUV/PMS. The second-order reaction rate constants of TTC with SO 4 − and OH were found to be 1.4 × 10 10 M −1 s −1 and 6.0 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 , respectively. Radical quenching experiments indicated that OH played the major role in the degradation of TTC. Higher PMS dosage (0.1–1.0 mM) and higher pH (3–11) could accelerate the TTC removal. Besides, the presence of Cl − (0.1–5.0 mM) and CO 3 2− (0.05–0.5 mM) could also promote the reaction. Eight transformation products (TPs) were identified, and the potential degradation pathways mainly involved hydroxylation, demethylation and decarbonylation processes. The variation in the genotoxicity was investigated using the umu -test, and the results indicate that the genotoxicity of TTC after the MPUV/PMS treatment significantly increased during the initial stage. In addition, the ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of TTC and its TPs were predicted using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, and the results revealed that some TPs could have equivalent and even higher toxicity than TTC. MPUV/PMS showed better performance in TTC degradation in real waters than in Milli-Q water. MPUV/PMS is concluded to be an efficient method for removing TTC, but more attention should be paid to the changes of toxicity during this process.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
化学工程
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）