Forensic Toxicology
·
2018
·Vol. 36
·期 2
·233-242
·
IF 3.924
Katselou Maria,Papoutsis Ioannis,Nikolaou Panagiota,Misailidi Nektaria,Spiliopoulou Chara,Athanaselis Sotiris
Purpose Diphenidine is a potent synthetic dissociative anesthetic drug that has recently emerged in drug markets of Europe, Japan and America. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about this drug concerning its chemistry, synthesis, prevalence, pharmacology, toxicology and metabolism, as well as its legal status. Analytical methodologies developed for the determination of diphenidine in biological specimens and published diphenidine-related intoxications, fatal or not, are also presented. Methods All the reviewed information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the World Wide Web using proper keywords. Results Diphenidine is not approved for medical or veterinary use, but it is used illicitly around the world for recreational purposes or as a substitute of other controlled dissociative drugs. It is available through the Internet in powder form for oral administration, smoking or vaporization. Since its first appearance in the drug market in 2013, seizures have been reported worldwide and its abuse has already caused intoxications and deaths in Europe and Japan, thus leading to its scheduling in the United Kingdom and Canada during the second semester of 2016. Conclusions Diphenidine is a harmful dissociative drug that recently gained serious concern for public health. International and local authorities should take all the appropriate actions and measures to avoid the expansion of this new threat.
研究领域:
药理学
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毒理学
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公共卫生
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Forensic Toxicology
·
2016
·Vol. 34
·期 2
·398-402
·
IF 0
Shintani-Ishida Kaori,Kakiuchi Yasuhiro,Ikegaya Hiroshi
The toxicological detection of the new synthetic cathinone 4′-methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP) in urine samples has been impossible, because much of MPHP is metabolized before its excretion into urine. In this study, we successfully quantified unmetabolized MPHP in urine of an autopsy case using a sensitive method by liquid chromatography–time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. The quantification method showed good linearity in the range of 1.00–100 ng/mL, and the limit of detection was 0.5 ng/mL in human urine. In the autopsy case, the concentrations of MPHP in urine, plasma, and liver tissue samples were determined to be 60.1, 32.9 ng/mL, and 63.1 ng/g, respectively.
研究领域:
法医学
·
分析化学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
Biology-Basel
·
2025
·Vol. 14
·期 1
·51
·
IF 3.5
Ferry Saputra,Tzu-Ming Tseng,Franelyne P. Casuga,Yu-Heng Lai,Chih-Hsin Hung,Chung-Der Hsiao
Simple SummaryMany studies have been developed to calculate the blood flow velocity in adult zebrafish. However, the current method requires high-cost equipment a lot of training before it can be replicated. In this study, we provide a simple, cheap, and non-invasive method to enable the measurement of zebrafish blood flow velocity. By applying the same method as the one previously developed for larvae zebrafish, blood flow velocity can be measured and its sensitivity validated by performing an experiment under several ambient temperature conditions, as well as the presence of a toxicant. The applicability of this method was also checked by applying the same method to other fish. Overall, this method provides an easy, cheap, and robust method that can be used by low- to medium-scale laboratories to contribute to knowledge in the relevant fields.Blood flow is an important physiological endpoint to measure cardiovascular performance in animals. Because of their innate transparent bodies, zebrafish is an excellent animal model for assessing in vivo cardiovascular performance. Previously, various helpful methods for measuring blood flow in zebrafish larvae were discovered and developed. However, an optimized method to measure blood flow in adult zebrafish has not been reported. In this paper, the tail fin region was selected as target for blood flow measurements using the Trackmate method, provided by ImageJ platform. Based on power statistic calculations, the aortic vessel at the tail base was selected, and other parameters, such as ambient temperature, were investigated for method standardization, in order to minimize experimental variation. The method was also validated using fenpropathrin and ponatinib, which showed some cardiac alterations in a previous zebrafish study. We also checked the versatility of this method by following the same setup in black tetra and medaka and found that this method performed well. However, our results show that heavy pigmentation, like that found in tiger barb, and overlapping vessels, like those in parrot fish, make it hard for this method to perform well. Overall, an optimized protocol was used for the first time to measure blood flow velocity in adult wild-type zebrafish without the aid of transgenic lines or fluorescent dye.
研究领域:
生物学
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医学
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毒理学
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药理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Meichen Liu,Yingxia Guo,Ziyi Niu,Yufeng Guo,Shuang Feng,Xiaoyan Zhang,Jiansong You,Lei Yin,Hongyu Xue,Meiyun Shi
A sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry cubed (UPLC-MS 3 ) assay was established for detection of fipronil in zebrafish tissue samples. Following protein precipitation pretreatment, the concentrations of fipronil in various zebrafish tissue samples were quantified by the developed UPLC-MS 3 assay. Fipronil was monitored by MS 3 transition ( m/z 435.0 → 398.9 → 330.0) with a ± 1.0 Da isolation window for secondary product ions. Chromatographic separation was achieved with 0.1 % formic acid-water ( v /v) as the aqueous phase and acetonitrile as the organic phase. Gradient elution with C 18 column was employed for separation of fipronil and probenecid (internal standard, IS). Method validation demonstrated excellent linearity over the range of 0.1–10 ng/mL (r 2 > 0.995), with the accuracies ranging from −10.33 % to 3.17 % and precisions between 3.25 % and 11.34 %. Consistent extraction recoveries (89.92–113.49 %) and acceptable matrix effects (92.54–110.27 %) were observed across all tested matrices. The implementation of MS 3 scanning significantly enhanced specificity by eliminating endogenous interference compared to conventional MRM detection. The successful application of this method in zebrafish tissue distribution studies confirmed its reliability for environmental toxicology research. This MS 3 -based approach provides a robust analytical platform for investigating biodistribution of fipronil in aquatic models.
研究领域:
分析化学
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环境科学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2023
·Vol. 28
·期 8
·3312
·
IF 4.6
Hang Li,Yanling Yang,Xing Li,Habib Ullah
Surfactants are increasingly used in systems that come into contact with the human body, such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal hygiene products. Increasing attention is being devoted to the toxic effects of surfactants in various human contact formulations, as well as the removal of residual surfactants. In the presence of ozone (O3), anion surfactants—a characteristic micro-pollutant—such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) in greywater, can be removed using radical advanced oxidation. Herein, we report a systematic study of the SDBS degradation effect of O3activated by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation and the influence of water composition on VUV/O3, and determined the contribution of radical species. We show a synergistic effect of VUV and O3, while VUV/O3reached a higher mineralization (50.37%) than that of VUV (10.63%) and O3(29.60%) alone. The main reactive radicals of VUV/O3were HO•. VUV/O3had an optimal pH of 9. The addition of SO42−had almost no effect on the degradation of SDBS by VUV/O3, Cl−and HCO3−slightly reduced the reaction rate, and NO3−had a significant inhibition on the degradation. In total, SDBS had three isomers, with which the three degradation pathways were very comparable. Compared with SDBS, the toxicity and harmfulness of the degradation by-products of the VUV/O3process decreased. Additionally, VUV/O3could degrade synthetic anion surfactants from laundry greywater effectively. Overall, the results show the potential of VUV/O3in safeguarding humans from residual surfactant hazards.Keywords:ozone;surfactants;toxicological analysis;vacuum ultraviolet
研究领域:
环境科学
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化学工程
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毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2019
·
IF 3.571
Xue Cao,Chenzhi Yan,Xuerui Yang,Lei Zhou,Wenjun Zou,Guangli Xiu
Contamination of the environment by toxic pesticides has become of great concern in agricultural countries. Chlorpyrifos (CP) is among the pesticides most commonly detected in the environment owing to its wide agricultural applications. The aim of this study was to compare potential changes in the toxicity of CP after irradiation. To this end, photolysis of CP was conducted under simulated sunlight, and neurotoxicity assessment was carried out at CP of 20 and 50 μg L–1 and its corresponding irradiated mixture solutions which contain a mixture of identified intermediates using the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Photodegradation of 20 μg L–1 CP for 1 h produced no obvious reduction of physiological damage, and more serious effects on animal movement were detected after exposure of the animals to a solution of 50 μg L–1 for 1 h irradiation compared with unirradiated solution. GABAergic and cholinergic neurons were selectively vulnerable to CP exposure, and maximal neuropathological alterations were observed after 1 h irradiation of the CP solutions in coherence with the behavioral impairment. The generation of photoproducts was considered to be responsible for the enhanced disturbance on those biological processes. This work provided useful information on the toxicological assessments of chemicals that were produced during the environmental transformation of pesticides.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
·
生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2020
·
IF 6.793
Yitong Zhou,Junxue Wu,Bin Wang,Lei Duan,Yizhe Zhang,Wenxing Zhao,Fang Wang,Qian Sui,Zhongying Chen,Dongjiong Xu,Qingxue Li,Gang Yu
This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in surface water (lakes, major rivers and tributaries) and potential discharge sources (fish ponds, livestock and poultry farms, and sewage treatment plants) in Wujin District (northwest of Taihu Lake), Jiangsu province, China. An analytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for 38 pesticides, which was applied in the monitoring of 240 surface water samples and 76 potential discharge source samples. Eleven insecticides and five fungicides with temporal and spatial variation were detected in surface water. The total pesticide concentrations in surface water in different seasons were as follows: March > August > June > November. The two most polluting and widespread pesticides were carbendazim (maximum concentration 508 ng L −1 , detection rate 100%) and imidacloprid (maximum concentration 438 ng L −1 , detection rate 88%). Gehu Lake (S46) and Sanshangang River (S12) were seriously polluted water bodies. Seven insecticides and four fungicides were detected in the potential discharge sources; and their composition changed significantly with the seasons. The concentrations of detected organophosphorus pesticides and neonicotinoids ( e.g. acetamiprid in March and dichlorvos in November) in a few non-agricultural planting sources were far greater than those detected in surface water, and hence a few fish ponds, livestock and poultry farms, and sewage treatment plants might be the potential discharge sources of pesticides in the surrounding surface water. The estimated input flux of the studied pesticides from upstream rivers to Taihu Lake was 141.95 kg a −1 . Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the medium or high aquatic ecotoxicological risk presented by the levels of organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, and benzimidazoles.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
·
分析化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Xinyu Fang,Jinfeng Zhao,Simin Wu,Peng Liao,Guiping Guan
Triclocarban (TCC) is a widely used antibacterial agent with chemical stability and lipophilicity, posing potential health risks due to environmental accumulation and bioaccumulation. This research explored the toxicological features and molecular pathways underlying TCC-induced liver damage through a combination of network toxicology, molecular docking, and in vivo studies. Network toxicology identified 269 potential targets and nine core genes, associated with TCC-induced liver damage. Molecular docking studies indicated significant binding affinities between TCC and the core proteins, implying potential functional interference. In vivo experiments with weaned piglets showed significant liver toxicity at high TCC doses, characterized by decreased liver index, elevated serum ALT and AST, and histopathological damage. High-dose TCC also inhibited antioxidant enzyme activities (GSH-PX and CAT), reduced T-AOC and T-SOD, and increased MDA levels. RT-qPCR analysis further confirmed that the mRNA levels of key target genes—including AKT1, HIF1A, EGFR, ALB, MMP9, BCL2L1, ANXA5, and PTGS2—were significantly up-regulated in the liver, whereas no significant change was observed for the core gene ESR1.This indicates the activation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. These findings provide new insights into TCC-induced hepatotoxicity and highlight the need for further research on intervention targets and comprehensive health risk assessments across different exposures and species.
研究领域:
毒理学
·
分子生物学
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药理学
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环境医学
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兽医学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Scientific Reports
·
2024
·Vol. 14
·期 1
·1-9
·
IF 3.8
Shi Qianwen,Wang Lele,Li Wenyue,Feng Yongming,Wei Zhiwen,Yun Keming
Nonoxidative ethanol metabolites have been reported as ethanol biomarkers in clinical and forensic cases. However, their forensic toxicokinetics are still unclear. The study aimed to simultaneously research the postmortem distribution and dynamic distribution of ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites in 62 poisoned rabbits. Firstly, 32 rabbits were randomly divided into three groups and sacrificed after three doses ethanol, and their organs were collected to study the postmortem distribution of ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites. The results showed that the distribution trends of ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites were basically same between different groups, and ethanol could be better detected by collecting body fluids, while the nonoxidative metabolites could be better detected by collecting the heart, liver, kidney and testis. Secondly, 30 rabbits after 1/2LD 50 ethanol intragastric administration were sacrificed at 10 time points, and their organs were collected to study the dynamic distribution of ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites. The results showed the concentrations of ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites increased with time and then decreased. All analytes could be detected in all samples within 8 h, with the exception of ethyl oleate, which kept high level in muscle and vitreous humor, and could be detected within 4 h.
研究领域:
法医学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology
·
2015
·Vol. 11
·期 4
·570-576
·
IF 1.983
Zhang Lin,Ma Jinghong,Li Shangxun,Xue Rui,Jin Ming,Zhou Yiwu
Diphenidol hydrochloride (DPN), a nonphenothiazinic antiemetic agent used primarily in patients with Meniere disease and labyrinthopathies to treat vomiting and vertigo, is considered to be a relatively safe drug. Since it was first approved in the United States in 1967, this drug has been widely used in Latin America and Asia and has contributed to sporadic suicidal and accidental poisonings in mainland China and Taiwan. However, its toxic or lethal concentration ranges have not yet been determined. We report a case of a 23-year-old female who suffered from DPN poisoning that resulted in death. At autopsy, there were no typical pathological findings, except for cerebral edema with high acetylcholinesterase expression. Postmortem analysis of DPN revealed 45 µg/ml in heart blood, 39 µg/ml in femoral vein blood, 141 µg/g in the liver, and 53 mg in the gastric contents. These concentrations indicated that the cause of death was DPN poisoning. The circumstances indicated that the manner of death was suicide. We also present a retrospective study, in which we review and summarize the literature from 1998 to 2014 and describe 16 cases of poisoning, including information from autopsy reports and postmortem drug concentrations. In forensic practice, drug residues at the scene, patients with convulsions and disturbance of consciousness, and rapidly occurring deaths, should draw attention to the possibility of this drug. Toxicological analysis and the exclusion of other diseases may ultimately be used to confirm DPN poisoning.
研究领域:
法医学
·
毒理学
·
临床医学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ChemistrySelect
·
2024
·Vol. 9
·期 31
·e202401288
·
IF 1.9
Wenhui Liang,Yanting Chen,Muwei Huang,Zeyu Song,Cancan Li,Yanhong Zheng,Zhongsheng Yi
Graphical This manuscript employs computational simulations and multispectral analysis to elucidate the binding sites and underlying mechanisms of the interaction between halogenated phenols (HPS) and transthyretin (TTR), thereby enhancing the comprehension of their molecular dynamics and the consequent toxicological implications of HPS exposure. Moreover, it contributes significantly to the identification of potential environmental endocrine-disrupting compounds. The aim of this study was to understand the interaction between transthyretin (TTR) and halogenated phenols (HPs) including 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2-bromophenol (2-BP), 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP). Computer simulation and multi-spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the interaction. The fluorescence of TTR was found to be quenched through static quenching and non-radiative energy transfer by HPs, suggesting that the binding process between HPs and TTR was primarily influenced by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. ANS substitution experiments indicated that HPs interacted with TTR at the T4 binding site. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the conformational and microenvironmental changes of TTR resulting from the interactions with HPs. Additionally, molecular docking and reduced density gradient analysis were used to identify the specific residues and binding forces involved in the interaction between HPs and TTR binding sites. The findings were subsequently validated through quantum chemical analysis. This research integrates state-of-the-art multispectral analytical methodologies with sophisticated computational modeling to introduce an innovative approach for dissecting the interactions between halogenated phenols (HPs) and transthyretin (TTR). This methodology offers a novel avenue for investigating the molecular interplay between HPs and TTR, thereby providing critical insights that are instrumental in assessing the latent toxicity of these compounds.
研究领域:
生物化学
·
环境科学
·
计算生物学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Toxics
·
2025
·Vol. 13
·期 5
·386
·
IF 4.1
Xiaolin Niu,Junji Wu,Yi Chen,Na Luo,Yanpeng Gao
Antimicrobial fragrances, commonly found in household and personal care products, are frequently detected in water bodies, yet their environmental fate and transformation mechanisms remain inadequately explored. This study investigates the photochemical transformation of cinnamaldehyde (CA), a representative antimicrobial fragrance, and its consequence for toxicological effects. The results showed that under UV irradiation, 94.6% CA was eliminated within 60 min, with a degradation rate of 0.059 min−1. Laser flash photolysis, quenching experiments, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra identified O2•−and3CA*as the important species, contributing 29.4% and 33.6%, respectively, to the transformation process. Additionally, singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and solvated electrons (eaq−) were involved in mediating the oxidation reactions. These species facilitated photoionization and oxidation, resulting in the formation of five major transformation products, including cis-cinnamyl aldehyde, cinnamic acid, styrene, 1aH-indeno [1,2-b]oxirene), and 1-Oxo-1H-indene. Most of these products were persistent, and exhibited considerable ecotoxicological risks. Specifically, the cinnamic acid and 1-Oxo-1H-indene caused severe skin irritation, while cinnamic acid induced significant eye irritation. Notably, the transformation products demonstrated sensitizing effects on human skin. This study underscores the overlooked ecotoxicological risks associated with the photochemical transformation of antimicrobial fragrances, revealing their potential to generate potent allergens and other harmful byproducts.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）