Hongli Chang,Weihong Ji,Yule Xie,Shujun He,Zhenfeng Xie,Fengjie Sun
The morphological characteristics of metamorphosis in stamens ofAnemone barbulataTurcz. were investigated using morphological and histological analyses. The results showed that stamens were transformed into either white sepaloid organs or more frequently green leaflike structures with successive variations. The extreme metamorphic stamen was represented as a three-lobed leaflike structure with a long stalk, highly consistent with the morphological characters of the normal leaves of the plant. It was hypothesized that the connective and two pollen sacs of the anther were transformed into the three lobes of the metamorphosed stamen, respectively. The depression and circinate stages were identified as the important and necessary processes in the transformation of stamens from axial to foliar organs, suggesting probably the alternative evolutionary process of the formation of anthers derived from foliar organs. The morphological traces of leaf, sepal, and carpel observed in the metamorphosed stamens suggested the homeotic transformations among these organs. The foliar stage in the ancestral stamens of angiosperms was reflected ontogenically in the metamorphosed stamens ofA. barbulata. Our findings of a series of metamorphic stamens probably represent the morphological evidence to support the hypothesis that the flowers of angiosperms were derived from metamorphic leaves with the progressive development mode in the evolution of floral organs.Keywords:Anemone barbulata;Ranunculaceae;metamorphosis;stamen;homeosis;progressive development
Lin Congcong,Zhu Xuena,Liu Rui,Zhang Li,Yu Tingting,Lu Qun
The consumption of honey contaminated with phytotoxins, particularly from Ranunculaceae plants, is a global public health concern due to their widespread distribution and diverse toxic compounds. This study developed a UPLC-QQQ-MS method to simultaneously quantify 11 phytotoxins of Ranunculaceae family in honey. Analytical (mobile phase) and pre-treatment (extraction solvent and cleanup column) procedures were optimized, identifying Methanol–Water (added 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate), acetonitrile, and SCX column as optimal. Method validation demonstrated negligible matrix effects, good linearity (R 2 > 0.995), good recoveries (81.38–116.85%), and high precision (RSD ≤ 8.63%) for 25–500 ng/mL ranges. LODs and LOQs were 0.02–0.15 µg/kg and 0.07–0.50 µg/kg, respectively (excluding anemonin). Retrospective analysis of 50 honey samples detected magnoflorine, talatisamine, hypaconitine, senecionine, and protopine at positive rates of 2%, 2%, 2%, 8%, and 10%, respectively. Thus, this work provides important technical supports for the risk assessment of phytotoxins in honey.
Pulsatilla chinensis, a member of the Ranunculaceae family, is one of the 12 Pulsatilla species distributed in China. During the fruit-ripening period, the achenes of these plants tend to cluster densely in a head-like structure, and the style persists, resembling a silver filament. Resembling an old man with white hair, it is thus named Baitouweng. In this study, P. chinensis, Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. & J. Presl, and Pulsatilla chinensis var. kissii (Mandl) S. H. Li et Y. H. Huan were selected as objects for a detailed targeted metabolomics analysis to determine whether P. chinensis var. kissii can serve as a substitute for P. chinensis-based medicinal materials. A total of 1,558 compounds were identified. Among these, 392 were primary metabolites, 1,166 were secondary metabolites, and 47 were triterpenoid saponins. Clustering analysis of the total metabolites revealed that the three Pulsatilla species clustered based on their population origin, rather than their variety. The differential metabolite analysis of triterpenoid saponins showed that metabolic differences between P. chinensis var. kissii and P. chinensis were more pronounced than those between P. chinensis var. kissii and P. cernua. In conclusion, P. chinensis var. kissii is more suitable as a substitute for P. cernua medicinal materials. This result lays a foundation for in-depth investigations into the potential internal relationships among these three Pulsatilla species.
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