Materials
·
2021
·Vol. 14
·期 9
·2205
·
IF 3.623
Qian Li,Yujie Li,Yifan Chen,Qiang Wu,Siqun Wang
A novel liquid phosphorous-containing flame retardant anhydride (LPFA) with low viscosity was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) and further cured with bisphenol-A epoxy resin E-51 for the preparation of the flame retardant epoxy resins. Both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements revealed the successful incorporation of DOPO on the molecular chains of MeTHPA through chemical reaction. The oxygen index analysis showed that the LPFA-cured epoxy resin exhibited excellent flame retardant performance, and the corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI) value could reach 31.2%. The UL-94V-0 rating was achieved for the flame retardant epoxy resin with the phosphorus content of 2.7%. With the addition of LPFA, the impact strength of the cured epoxy resins remained almost unchanged, but the flexural strength gradually increased. Meanwhile, all the epoxy resins showed good thermal stability. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of epoxy resin cured by LPFA decreased slightly compared with that of MeTHPA-cured epoxy resin. Based on such excellent flame retardancy, low viscosity at room temperature and ease of use, LPFA showed potential as an appropriate curing agent in the field of electrical insulation materials.Keywords:flame retardant;phosphorous content;liquid anhydride;epoxy resin
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Energy Storage Materials
·
2016
·
IF 0
Yuang Zhang,Bingtao Tang,Lingjuan Wang,Rongwen Lu,Defeng Zhao,Shufen Zhang
The development of phase change materials (PCMs) with fire resistance is important to improve the application security. Series of novel hybrid materials were synthesized by the simple composite process of phase change polyurethane with flame retardants . The polyurethane functions as phase change segment for thermal energy storage as well as supporting materials of flame retardants. The structure and properties of obtained materials were characterized by FT-IR, DSC , XRD , TG and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The latent heat of the composite reached 86.69 J/g, and the LOI reached 21.3, which indicated that the composite materials had good fire resistance and high thermal energy storage density. Simultaneously, the obtained materials also demonstrated excellent form-stable properties and thermal stability. Judicious application of the novel form-stable PCMs has opened up a rich field of energy materials with enhanced performance in fire resistance and energy storage.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
CELLULOSE
·
2021
·Vol. 28
·期 5
·3249-3264
·
IF 5.044
Sun Ling,Xie Yutong,Wu Jiamin,Wang Huixin,Wang Shihao,Li Wennan,Zhang Jiaojiao,Zhang Zheng,Zhu Ping,Lu Zhou,Dong Chaohong
A novel flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen elements, ammonium salt of N,N-dimethylene p-benzenesulfonic phosphonic acid (ADBSPA), was prepared by one-step continuous chemical method. The chemical structure of the ADBSPA was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ADBSPA was processed onto cotton materials by immersion method. The flame retardancy of coated cotton materials was analyzed by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and Vertical burning test. The LOI value of cotton coated with 350 g/L ADBSPA increased from the original 18.2 ± 0.2% to 31.7 ± 0.2%, and the damaged length of this sample reduced to 6.6 ± 0.1 cm, which proved that ADBSPA enhanced the anti-burning ability of cotton materials. Cone calorimetry was used to evaluate the combustion behavior of cotton materials before and after coating. Compared with original sample, ADBSPA changed the combustion path of cotton materials, and the intuitive performance was that the ADBSPA-cotton-4 reserved 25.1 ± 0.5% of char residue at 250 s, and its peak heat release rate (PHRR) greatly reduced to 17 ± 1 kW/m 2 . The surface morphology of uncoated and coated cotton materials was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the coated sample still maintained a complete fiber skeleton after burning. In addition, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis confirmed that the coated cotton materials had good thermo-oxidative and thermal stability. All results pointed out that the phosphorus and nitrogen elements contained in ADBSPA as well as cotton cellulose constituted the three basic conditions of intumescent flame-retardant system. The polyphosphoric acid compounds formed by phosphorus element at high temperature promoted the dehydration of cotton fibers into char layer. The non-flammable gases produced by the nitrogen element in the combustion process covered the surface of fabrics, thereby playing the role of shielding heat and diluting combustible gases. Graphic abstract A novel phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant was prepared by one-step continuous chemical method and applied to improve the thermal stability and anti-flammability of cotton materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Lu He,Qing-Qing Bi,Yue Ma,De-Yi Wang
Aiming to improve the flame retardancy efficiency and rheological properties of hydroxides commonly used in asphalt, a combined flame retardant was fabricated using aluminium hydroxide (ATH), halloysite nanotube (HNT) and ferrocene. The optimal loading of flame retardant and process parameters for asphalt preparation were determined through an orthogonal experimental design. Through microscopic observation, the combined flame retardant was evenly dispersed within the asphalt matrix, with minimal agglomeration and segregation. Asphalt containing the combined flame retardant achieved an improved limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 28.1 %, accompanied by a 30.9 % and 41.2 % reduction in peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and peak of smoke production rate (PSPR) compared to conventional Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt used in asphalt pavement. In-depth mechanism analysis revealed that the formation of high-quality charring layers was facilitated by the catalytic reaction of ferrocene and catalytic oxidation of gases produced during asphalt combustion. Moreover, the improved network crosslinking function in asphalt significantly enhanced the rheological properties observed in the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. Prospectively, this study provides an effective approach for simultaneously achieving prominent fire safety and enhanced rheological properties of asphalt through a simple preparation method.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2023
·
IF 5.2
Yi-Ran Li,Ying-Ming Li,Wen-Juan Hu,Dan-Ping Zhu,Jose Hobson,Antonio Vázquez-López,De-Yi Wang
Epoxy resin (EP) is one kind of widely applicated thermosetting resin with excellent manufacturability, mechanical performance and chemical resistance, but its flammability seriously limited its widely application. In this work, the flame-retarding curing agent (BIPD) with was prepared by a simple one-step substitution reaction between benzimidazole (BI) and phenylphosphonyl dichloride (PD). When the mass fraction of BIPD is 10 %, the flexural strength and impact strength are 174.7 MPa and 14.9 KJ/m 2 , respectively, which are 15.5 % and 69 % higher than those of EP/BI 10 . The EP/BIPD 10 passed the UL-94 V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) reaching to 33 %. Meanwhile, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of EP/BIPD 10 decreased by 50.2 % and 37.8 %, the total smoke production (TSP) and the mass percentage of residues increased by 10.4% and 204.1 % than that of EP/BI 10 in the cone calorimeter (CC) measurement, showing a jointly flame-retarding process in the condensed and gas phase. Furthermore, the results of Raman spectrum , the thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) confirmed the conclusion.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Research Express
·
2023
·Vol. 10
·期 3
·035303
·
IF 2.3
Chenghui Wang,Yingqiang Zhang,Xinyu Wang
Epoxy resins (EPs) require the addition of flame retardants to extend their application scope. High-efficiency flame retardants typically contain halogens, which can cause tremendous harm to humans and the environment. In this study, we investigated the syntheses of new phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants (DIT) and flame-retardant EP. DIT is composed of 6-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl) dibenzo[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinine 6-oxide, 5-isocyanato-1-(isocyanatomethyl)−1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexane, and tris-(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate. DIT chemical structure was analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Several formulations of modified epoxy resins (DIT-EPs) were obtained by adding different quantities of DITs. We found that when the flame retardant content reached 25%, the limiting oxygen index of the DIT-EP was 29.0%. This finding expands the application range of EPs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Silicon
·
2018
·Vol. 10
·期 6
·2845-2854
·
IF 1.246
Zhang Bin,Jiang Yujie,Han Jian
Although research on halogen free flame retardant has achieved great progress, its practical application is restricted due to high additive amount and low efficency. To solve this problem, multilayers microcapsule [melamine–formaldehyde resin (MF)/silicon dioxide (SiO 2 )/zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS)] was prepared through a two-step method. Moreover, when 16.40 wt% SiO 2 /ZHS microcapsules was mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix, the obtained PVC composites exhibited a high limited oxygen index (LOI) of 32.5%, showing its excellent flame retardancy. Furthermore, for the compatibility between MF/SiO 2 /ZHS microcapsules and PVC to be improved, MF was coated to SiO 2 /ZHS microcapsules by in situ polymerization. When 16.40 wt% MF/SiO 2 /ZHS microcapsules were mixed with PVC matrix, the obtained PVC composites exhibited a high LOI of 35.5%, showing its high flame retardancy. Therefore, this easily prepared multilayers microcapsule with sufficient flame retardancy in this work, it could have a potential for engineering applications.
Taking advantage of microencapsulation strategy to fabricate MF/SiO2/ZHS microcapsules for fire-retardant PVC materials
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2019
·Vol. 43
·期 7
·892-902
·
IF 1.173
Zhenqian Wei,Xintao Gu,Jun Wu,Min Wei,Qing Yu,Tian Xiujuan,Zhongwei Wang
Summary By curing the reaction mixture of diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, flame-retardant epoxy resins (EP/DPO) were prepared. Flame-retardant epoxy resins modified with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) were similarly prepared (denoted as EP/DOPO). The limiting oxygen index value of pure epoxy resin, EP/DPO–P-0.9 (with a phosphorus content of 0.9 wt%), and EP/DOPO–P-0.9 are 23.0, 30.5, and 29.4%, respectively. EP/DPO–P-0.9 reached a UL-94 vertical burning test V-0 rating, while EP/DOPO–P-0.9 failed. The results of the cone calorimetry test, thermo-oxidative degradation behavior study, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis indicated that both flame retardants mainly act through the gas-phase activity mechanism. Together, the results of this study suggest that EP/DPO are high performance resins with good thermal stability, high glass transition temperature, and low water absorptivity for practical applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Xiaohua Liu,Hongfei He,Hongliang Ding,Shaofeng Wang,Wei Zhang,Lu Liu,Yun Lei,Bin Yu
Polyurea materials are widely used in building waterproofing, heat preservation, sealing and coating due to their good mechanical properties, excellent weather resistance and strong adhesion; however, their widespread use also presents significant fire hazard risks. This study emphasizes the potential to optimize flame retardancy while preserving mechanical properties. A polyurea with a mechanical strength of 26.25 MPa and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 26% was developed by incorporating 20 wt% bio-chain extender and 10 wt% DOPO-based flame retardant. The cone calorimeter test demonstrated that the inclusion of 10 wt% flame retardant reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke release (TSR) by 48.29%, 73.02%, and 54.32%, respectively. This work provides an effective method for improving the flame retardancy of polyurea.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2024
·
IF 7.7
Xie Li,Yuzhao Yang,Dongdong Tang,Yuan Liu,Qi Wang
Flameproof modification of paper can improve safety and application performance. However, traditional paper is prone to moisture absorption, resulting in significant reduction in flame retardant performance, even complete failure, greatly limiting the application environment. In order to achieve long-term flame retardant properties of paper, while avoiding the loss of physical properties caused by the introduction of flame retardants, in this work, a plant acid/phosphate and melamine formaldehyde coating (PyA/PA-MF) is prepared through electrostatic self-assembly for durable flame retardant performance of cellulose paper. Due to the electrostatic interaction, the paper surface become greatly rough with introduction of PyA/PA-MF, a uniform microsphere structure is formed on the surface of the paper cellulose, which effectively fix the phosphorus-containing groups. The oxygen index reaches 33 % and the carbon length was only 6.3 ± 0.2 cm, the pHRR and THR are decreased by 80 % and 73 %, respectively. After being immersed for 72 h, the oxygen index is still 31.4 % and carbon length is no more than 12 cm. mechanical property of modified paper is significant increased in the tensile strength (2.4 MPa) compared to the blank paper (1 MPa), as well as that the whiteness of the surface of the modified paper will not change. In summary, PyA/PA-MF endows paper long-term flame retardant performance while maintaining its basic performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2024
·
IF 4.4
Yongjiao Liu,Xiaoxuan Liu,Ning Sun,Jingzhong Duan,Shukang Nan,Zixiang Dong,Yao Zhang,Xiaojing Long,Bingbing Wang,Yanzhi Xia
To address increasingly pressing ecological, energy, and resource challenges, there is an urgent need to develop and utilize renewable resources, in particular the exploitation of polymeric materials in marine and terrestrial organisms. This study focuses on a bottom-up preparation process to achieve uniform mechanical strength in all dimensions. Micron and nanoscale oxidized cellulose fibers were prepared through etching and oxidation techniques. Cross-linking metal ions with oxidized celluloses and alginate polysaccharides established a 3D cross-linking system. The flame retardancy of composite woods was evaluated using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry (CONE). With an LOI value of 30%, the composite wood exhibited a remarkable increase in fire resistance capability, surpassing the LOI value of natural wood (18%) by a significant margin. Furthermore, the composite wood exhibited a considerably lower minimum total heat release (THR) (5.35 MJ m–2) compared to natural wood (12.82 MJ m–2). To conduct a qualitative analysis of the molecular structures found in the pyrolysis products, the researchers employed pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS). The study’s findings indicated that carbon dioxide emerges as the primary product. Consequently, these findings suggest that the composite wood exhibits outstanding flame-retardant properties, rendering it suitable for diverse applications in everyday environments.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2018
·
IF 3.193
Junjing Zhao,Xu Dong,Shan Huang,Xiujuan Tian,Liang Song,Qing Yu,Zhongwei Wang
Two phosphorus-containing flame retardants , (bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)diphenyl phosphine oxide (DPO–PHE) and 1-(bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO–PHE) were synthesized and characterized. The two target compounds both were used as a flame retardant and a co-curing agent of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins (EP/DPO–PHE and EP/DOPO–PHE). The thermal and flame-retardant properties of the thermosets were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, and UL-94 vertical burning testing (UL-94). The results indicated that both flame retardants can improve the flame retardancy of epoxy thermosets. TGA results indicated that the char yields of EP/DPO–PHE–P-0.9 and EP/DOPO–PHE–P-0.9 thermosets were increased from 19.1% of EP/P-0 to 25.3% and 27.8%, respectively. Compared with that of EP/P-0, the LOI of the EP/DPO–PHE–P-0.5 thermoset increased from 23.7% to 30.1%, and the sample reached UL-94 V-0. Meanwhile, the LOI of the EP/DOPO–PHE–P-0.7 thermoset increased from 23.7% to 28.9%, and the sample reached UL-94 V-0. Cone calorimetry test, scanning electron microscopy of burning residues, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry indicated that both flame retardants mainly act through the gas–phase mechanism. In addition, no condensed-phase activity of DPO–PHE was observed, whereas the condensed-phase activity of DOPO–PHE was negligible. Immersion experiments showed that the water absorption activity of flame retardant epoxy resins fluctuates. Compared with DOPO–PHE, DPO–PHE was more effective as a higher flame-retardant and exhibited better characteristics for improving the T g , thermal stability, and water absorption of modified resins.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）