Through reaction of the active functional groups on framework of Graphene oxide (GO) with 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cage octaminopropyl silsesquioxane (oapPOSS), a novel multi-structure synergistic graphene-based ternary graft flame retardant oapPOSS-graft-GO-graft-DOPO (P G D) was designed and synthesized successfully. The obtained P G D was then applied in PP flame retardation. Compared with pure PP, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of PP composite are reduced by 78.0% and 44.9% via adding 25 wt% P G D. These notable reductions in fire hazards are mainly due to the synergistic effects of graphene/nitrogen/phosphorus/silicon multi-structures: the graphene sheets enhance the barrier property of carbon layers to prevent heat and volatile transfer; the phosphorus-containing groups as catalyst accelerate and promote the char formation in condensed phase; the Si O Si structures improve the thermal oxidative stability; the nitrogen elements in P G D produce the inert gases at high temperature and play a major role in the gaseous phase.
High-impact polystyrene is a widely-used construction material due to its superior comprehensive performance, but its susceptibility to fire can lead to the production of toxic and harmful gases. To address this issue, a novel, environmentally-friendly microencapsulated nitrogen‑phosphorus‑silicon flame retardant for high-impact polystyrene was prepared in this study. SiO 2 , produced by the hydrolysis condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate , was used as the wall material, while melamine cyanurate was used as the core material. The microencapsulated nitrogen‑phosphorus‑silicon flame retardant was compounded with high-impact polystyrene and aluminum hypophosphite , and the composites were evaluated for their performance in terms of fire behavior, thermal stability, and morphology of the resulting carbon residues. When melamine cyanurate@SiO 2 and aluminum hypophosphite were added in a 1:4 ratio, the UL-94 rating of L5 reached V -0, and the LOI value increased to 27.0%. The conical calorimeter test results showed that the peak heat release rate of the L5 composite decreased by 78.7% compared to pure HIPS, and the corresponding total heat release rate decreased by 45.7%. Thermogravimetric analysis results illustrated that the amount of carbon residue increased significantly, from 2.46% to 22.26% of pure high-impact polystyrene. These findings indicate that the prepared microencapsulated nitrogen‑phosphorus‑silicon flame retardant is multifunctional, highly efficient, and can be applied to high-impact polystyrene.
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