JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA
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2024
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IF 2
Yueheng Wang,Ziyu Zhuang,Yanfei Fan,Dandan Gao,Dongdong Li
Ammonium ion is of the same charge as alkali ions and with similar ionic radius as potassium, rubidium, and cesium ions. Solid solutions are very common between ammonium and alkali salts, which is of great interest for understanding the geology, soil, and environment fate of these elements. In this study, the solid–aqueous equilibrium in the NH4Cl + RbCl + H2O and NH4Cl + CsCl + H2O systems was determined at 298.15 K. For each system, two incontinuous solid solutions, i.e. (NH4,Rb)Cl(α) and (Rb,NH4)Cl(β), or (Cs,NH4)Cl(α) and (NH4,Cs)Cl(β), presented, and their composition and structure were studied using Schreinemakers’ wet residues analysis, XRD, and Raman characterization. The equilibrium between these solid solutions and aqueous solutions were well modeled using an integrated solution equilibrium calculator program, in which a Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg model and a subregular model were implemented for describing the nonideality of aqueous phase and solid solution. According to the experimental and thermodynamic modeling results, NH4Cl can dissolve RbCl and CsCl in the solid state (NH4,Rb)Cl(α) or (NH4,Cs)Cl(β) with limited solid solubilities of 0.18 or 0.051 in mole fraction, respectively. RbCl or CsCl can also dissolve NH4Cl in the solid state (Rb,NH4)Cl(β) or (Cs,NH4)Cl(α) with limited solid solubilities of 0.37 and 0.095 in mole fraction, respectively.
研究领域:
化学
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环境科学
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地质学
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高影响因子
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy
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2023
·Vol. 9
·期 3
·1253-1266
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IF 2.4
Huang Jingdong,Li Guangqiang,Yang Xiao
Natural Zn reserves might be exhausted in the following decades. Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is an essential secondary Zn resource. The recovery of Zn from EAF dust is a critical factor in the sustainable development of the Zn industry and steelmaking industry. Efficient destruction of the ZnFe 2 O 4 crystal structure and separation of Zn and Fe are the key issues to recycle EAF dust. Molten metal chlorides are believed to be effective in breaking the structure of ZnFe 2 O 4 . This work clarifies the distinct reaction behavior between ZnFe 2 O 4 and MgCl 2 or CaCl 2 . Experiments show that although MgCl 2 is a more powerful chlorinating agent, the capability of separating Zn and Fe is not as good as that of CaCl 2 . Fast and selective chlorination of Zn from ZnFe 2 O 4 happens by reacting ZnFe 2 O 4 and MgCl 2 –CaCl 2 mixture. CaCl 2 facilitates the formation of stable Fe-bearing phases, such as MgFe 2 O 4 and Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 , thereby inhibiting the chlorination of Fe. Moreover, it becomes more effective in promoting the selectivity of chlorinating Zn by increasing temperature after adding CaCl 2 in MgCl 2 . When ZnFe 2 O 4 is subjected to chlorination using a MgCl 2 –CaCl 2 mixture (MgCl 2 –CaCl 2 –ZnFe 2 O 4 molar ratio = 1.5:1.5:1) at 950 °C for 120 min, the process results in a chlorination percentage of over 90% for Zn, with Fe chlorination percentage lower than 5%. These results demonstrate the prospect of efficient separation of Zn from ZnFe 2 O 4 by reaction with molten MgCl 2 –CaCl 2 mixture. Graphical Abstract
研究领域:
冶金工程
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2020
·
IF 7.632
Ying Li,Peng Liu,Cong Ma,Na Zhang,Xiaoqin Shang,Liming Wang,Fengwei Xie
As high-amylose starch (HAS) has a higher content of linearly structured chains than other types of starch, it is more scientifically interesting to realize enhanced properties or new functions for food and materials applications. However, the full dissolution of the compact granule structure of HAS is challenging under moderate conditions, which limits its applications. Here, we have revealed that the granule structure of HAS can be easily destructed by certain concentrations of acidic ZnCl2, neutral MgCl2, and alkaline CaCl2 solutions (43, 34, and 31 wt %, respectively) at a moderate temperature (under 50 °C). The ZnCl2 and CaCl2 solutions resulted in complete dissolution of HAS granules, whereas small amounts of HAS granule remnants still existed in the MgCl2 solution. The regenerated starch from the CaCl2 solution was completely amorphous, that from the ZnCl2 solution only presented a weak peak at 17°, and that from the MgCl2 solution contained V-type crystallites. No new reflections were found on the FTIR spectra indicating that all these three chloride solutions can be considered as a nonderivatizing solvent for starch. In all the three cases, nanoparticles were formed in the regenerated starch, which could be due to the aggregation of starch chains or their complexation with the metal cation. In addition, their water absorption ratio was 1.5 to 3 times that of the control (treated in water).
研究领域:
食品科学
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energy Storage
·
2022
·
IF 8.907
Zeyang Kang,Yaohui Shi,Hui Liu,Xiangyang Liu,Maogang He
Electrical generators transducing and concentrating solar power to heat and then to electricity require a material with good thermophysical properties to store heat when there is no sunlight. Here, LiCl-KCl-ZnCl 2 and LiCl-KCl-MgCl 2 were observed for their capacity to store energy by the change in sensible heat content as a function of temperature. The ternary phase diagrams of the two salts were predicted using a thermodynamic model . Three eutectic points for LiCl-KCl-ZnCl 2 and four eutectic points for LiCl-KCl-MgCl 2 were predicted and experimentally verified. The heat capacity and thermal stability of the seven eutectic mixtures were measured to evaluate their heat storage capacity and operating temperature range. LiCl-KCl-ZnCl 2 (13.86 % mol-40.63 % mol-45.51 % mol) and LiCl-KCl-MgCl 2 (47.29 % mol-44.33 % mol-8.38 % mol) were found to be the best choices for heat storage materials, which have low melting points of 451.8 K and 612.8 K, large heat capacity of 1.25 J/g·K and 1.80 J/g·K, and wide operating temperature range from room temperature to higher than 823 K, respectively.
研究领域:
材料科学
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热力学
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能源工程
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DOI
高影响因子
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 53
·期 4
·2634-2646
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IF 2.872
Huang Jingdong,Sohn Il,Kang Youngjo,Yang Xiao
Earth’s commercial and affordable zinc reserves are expected to be depleted in less than 50 years. Since electric arc furnace (EAF) dust contains a certain amount of Zn, recovery of Zn from EAF dust has become an important issue to assure a sustainable resource supply in the future. The key technical challenge is that Zn mainly occurs in EAF dust as ZnFe 2 O 4 , a very stable crystal which is difficult to reduce or leach. MgCl 2 is believed to be effective in breaking the structure of ZnFe 2 O 4 . This work investigates the fundamentals of the reaction between MgCl 2 and ZnFe 2 O 4 . Experiments show that Zn in ZnFe 2 O 4 is chlorinated to ZnCl 2 quickly with priority over Fe, implying the efficacy of MgCl 2 in separating Zn and Fe in ZnFe 2 O 4 by selective chlorination. Effects of MgCl 2 /ZnFe 2 O 4 molar ratio and temperature on the reaction are clarified. Overuse of MgCl 2 slows down the reaction and is detrimental to the selective chlorination of Zn. Temperature can effectively increase the reaction rate as well as the priority of chlorinating Zn. Utilization of MgCl 2 could be high, because evaporation of MgCl 2 is not as fast as the reaction with ZnFe 2 O 4 . According to these results, a new technology to recover Zn from EAF dust by using MgCl 2 is proposed.
研究领域:
冶金工程
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA
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2023
·
IF 2.6
Liwei Zhuang,Qinqin Hu,Shujing Wang,Ruyi Lin,Dan Li,Yong Ma,Lingzong Meng,Jiaoyu Peng
The solid–liquid phase equilibria of brine systems containing boric acid are the theoretical basis for the development of boric acid from brine resources. The phase equilibria of the systems NaCl–CaCl2–H3BO3–H2O and CaCl2–H3BO3–H2O at 323.15 K were investigated by the isothermal solution method. The phase diagram for the ternary system is composed of one co-saturation point, two univariant solubility curves, and two singe-salt crystallization fields of CaCl2·2H2O and H3BO3. The dry-salt phase diagram for the quaternary system consists of one invariant point, three univariant solubility curves, and three single-salt crystallization fields for NaCl, CaCl2·2H2O, and H3BO3. In the phase diagrams of the quaternary system at 298.15 and 323.15 K, the areas of sodium chloride and calcium chloride salt regions are enlarged, whereas the area of the H3BO3 region is diminished significantly with the increase of temperature. Using the Pitzer model, the lacking Pitzer parameters for H3BO3 were obtained by fitting the solubilities in the CaCl2–H3BO3–H2O system. The calculated solubilities with the Pitzer model were in accord with the experimental data.
研究领域:
化学热力学
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无机化学
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DOI
高影响因子
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
·
2018
·Vol. 71
·期 6
·416-421
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IF 1.059
Ouyang Dong,Zhihong Zhang,Zhenhai Fu,Xiang Li
A new phase-change material (PCM) CaCl2·6H2O + MgCl2·6H2O + NH4Cl was investigated in this paper. MgCl2·6H2O and NH4Cl were mixed with CaCl2·6H2O to obtain CaCl2·6H2O as a eutectic hydrate salt. The results show that the eutectic composition of the PCM is as follows: 90 wt- % CaCl2·6H2O, 6.25 wt- % MgCl2·6H2O and 3.75 wt- % NH4Cl; the undercooling degree is less than 1.5°C when the nucleating agent is 2 wt- % SrCl2·6H2O or 1.5 wt- % Ba(OH)2·8H2O. The phase-change temperature and latent heat are respectively 25.3°C and 144.3 J g−1 when the composition is 90 wt- % CaCl2·6H2O, 6.25 wt- % MgCl2·6H2O, 3.75 wt- %, NH4Cl, with 2 wt- % SrCl2·6H2O as nucleating agent, and 2 wt- % carboxymethyl cellulose as thickener. In addition, when the composition is changed to 90 wt- % CaCl2·6H2O, 6.25 wt- % MgCl2·6H2O, 3.75 wt- % NH4Cl, 1.5 wt- % Ba(OH)2·8H2O and 2 wt- % carboxymethyl cellulose, the phase change temperature and latent heat are 25.2°C and 139.3 J g−1, respectively.
研究领域:
材料科学
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热能存储
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
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2022
·Vol. 331
·期 12
·5641-5648
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IF 1.754
Smolenski Valeri,Novoselova Alena,Yan Yongde,Xue Yun,Ma Fuqiu
The equilibrium potentials of Me(III)/Me (Me = Dy, U) couples and the double Me–Ga, Me–Cd alloys vs. Cl − /Cl 2 reference electrode were measured at the temperature range 673–973 K in molten LiCl–KCl–CsCl eutectic by open-circuit potentiometry. The apparent standard potential and the base thermodynamic properties of alloys were determined. Separation factor for Dy/U couple was calculated on gallium and cadmium electrodes. In addition, it was found that the application of gallium electrodes has a significant advantage over cadmium electrodes in the process of electrochemical separation of uranium and dysprosium.
研究领域:
材料科学
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核能工程
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电化学
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DOI
高影响因子
GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA
·
2023
·
IF 5
Ziyan Han,Hejiu Hui,Haizhen Wei,Weiqiang Li
The Moon is depleted in volatile elements and compounds, and lunar samples exhibit a wide range of Cl isotopic compositions , which is believed to result from the volatilization of metal chlorides (e.g., NaCl, KCl, and FeCl 2 ). However, the Cl isotopic fractionation behavior during volatilization is not well constrained, particularly for metal chlorides. Furthermore, the effect of metal chloride evaporation on metal isotopes is poorly known. In the present study, we performed NaCl and KCl sublimation experiments to study Cl and K isotopic fractionations at temperatures ranging from 923 K to 1061 K and at pressures of 7×10 –5 bar to 1 bar in an N 2 atmosphere. The isotope fractionation factors of 37/35 Cl( α gas–solid ) from NaCl sublimation experiments are 0.9985±0.0002, 0.9958±0.0004, and 0.99807±0.00004 at 1, 10 –2 , and 7×10 –5 bar, respectively. Those of 41/39 K( α gas–solid ) and 37/35 Cl( α gas–solid ) from KCl sublimation experiments are 0.99884±0.00004 and 0.9988±0.0003 at 1 bar, 0.9977±0.0002 and 0.9972±0.0003 at 10 –2 bar, and 0.9989±0.0002 and 0.9989±0.0001 at 7×10 –5 bar, respectively. Chlorine and K isotopes fractionate more at 10 –2 bar than at 7×10 –5 bar and 1 bar. The saturation index in all the sublimation experiments was >95%, which resulted in near-equilibrium isotopic fractionation at the sublimation interface. Therefore, the isotopic fractionation was controlled by mass transfer processes in the gas and solid phases. The isotopic fractionation at 10 –2 bar was controlled by the chemical diffusion of sublimated gas in an N 2 atmosphere with almost no convection effect, (i.e., Pe number close to zero), whereas the isotopic fractionation at 1 bar was suppressed by atmospheric convection with a turbulence factor of 0.4±0.1 (i.e., Pe number >1). The extremely high sublimation rate and the very slow diffusion in the sublimating solid at 7×10 –5 bar suppressed isotopic fractionations. Based on our experimental results, calculations using Cl/K and Na/K in lunar materials reveal that degassing of KCl contributed very little (<0.2‰) to the K isotopic fractionation (>0.58‰) during lunar magma ocean degassing. The Cl isotopic fractionation factor from lunar samples is similar to our results at 10 –2 bar. This similarity of Cl isotope fractionation indicates that there may have been a transient atmosphere above the lunar magma ocean.
研究领域:
地球化学
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行星科学
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高影响因子
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2016
·
IF 4.803
Wei Li,Zeng Chen,Chaochao Wei,Wenping Kong,Binghua Xu,Xiyang Jia,Chunli Diao,Shengjun Li
An electrochemical method was developed for the formation of Al-Cu alloys. The electrodeposition of aluminum on Mo and Cu substrates was studied using cyclic voltammetry in molten LiCl-KCl-AlCl 3 (2 wt.%). During the cathodic scan of the cyclic voltammograms, three different Al-Cu alloys were observed before pure Al formed on the Cu substrate. The electrochemical formation processes were studied using square wave voltammetry and open circuit chronopotentiometry. The products of the different reduction processes were identified using XRD. The XRD results indicated that three different Al-Cu intermetallic compounds, Al 4 Cu 9 , AlCu, and Al 2 Cu, were obtained using electrochemical deposition in the molten salt system.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE
·
2014
·Vol. 79
·期 9
·E1695
·
IF 1.791
Yingyang Zhang,Xianchao Feng,Haizhou Wu,Jing Tang,Jianhao Zhang
en This link goes to a English section pt This link goes to a English section The thermal properties of cured meat are important for determining storage life and nutritional quality. However, few studies have focused on the thermal properties of dry-cured pork, particularly in relation to salt level and type. In order to study the thermal properties of dry-cured pork, we used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate the net heat energy (enthalpy, Δ H ), onset ( T onset ), and maximum ( T max ) temperatures of different pork cuts salted with mixtures of chloride (NaCl and KCl) salts within the curing and ripening temperature range. Within the curing temperature range (−5 to 20 °C), the T onset , T max , and Δ H of cured meat treated with different NaCl : KCl mixtures were generally lower than for fresh meat, which indicates that the addition of NaCl or KCl can reduce the melting of lipids and water (especially lipids), in different pork cuts. Within the ripening temperature range (5 to 50 °C), heat absorption peaks in belly and leg cuts were between 29 and 33 °C. However, no obvious heat absorption peak was found in loin cuts. Compared to non-KCl substitutions, a slightly higher KCl substitution could significantly (P < 0.05) enhance Δ H values of dry-cured belly and leg cuts. The likely cause of this phenomenon is that high KCl substitutions promote lipid oxidation ( r = 0.98, for belly; r = 0.95, for leg cuts). Therefore, KCl substitution should be no more than 30% (wt/wt), especially for high lipid pork, to prevent excessive melting and oxidation of lipids during the dry-curing process. Practial Application en This link goes to a English section pt This link goes to a English section Chloride salts (NaCl and KCl) have an important influence on the thermal properties of cured meat. Out study indicated that a high degree of KCl substitution should enhance the melting and oxidation of lipids in dry-cured pork.
研究领域:
食品科学
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营养学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CANADIAN METALLURGICAL QUARTERLY
·
2025
·
IF 1.5
Binfeng Pan,Jie Liu,Zhimin Zhang,Xuchen Lu,Yan Yan
The thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the preparation of yttrium chloride by ammonium chloride and yttrium oxide were performed. The preparation process was divided into chlorination (493 K–573 K) and decomposition (> 717 K) stages, leading to the derivation of corresponding thermodynamic results and kinetic models. The thermodynamic calculation showed that 3NH4Cl·YCl3 was formed at 497 K–573 K via solid–solid reaction. Then, 3NH4Cl·YCl3 decomposed directly into anhydrous YCl3 at above 740 K. The kinetics of the chlorination process was consistent with the solid–solid reaction model controlled by phase boundary reaction, with the activation energy being 76.93 ± 3.87 kJ/mol. The decomposition of 3NH4Cl·YCl3 fitted well with the solid decomposition model with phase boundary reaction as the control step. The activation energy of the decomposition process was 28.43 ± 4.49 kJ/mol. The apparent rate equations for the chlorination process and the decomposition process were developed:Chlorination process: dα/dt=9.7⋅107⋅exp(−76.93/RT)⋅(1−α)0.6Decomposition process: dα/dt=528⋅exp(−28.43/RT)⋅(1−α)0.5
研究领域:
化学工程
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）