Chlorchinaldol: A promising antiviral agent against iridoviruses in fish
Fish iridoviruses, including the largemouth bass virus (LMBV) and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), pose severe threats to aquaculture industries, resulting in substantial economic losses. However, no effective treatments are currently available for these viruses, underscoring the critical need to develop high-efficacy therapeutic strategies. This study identified chlorchinaldol as a compound exhibiting significant anti-LMBV activity both in vitro and in vivo in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ). Results revealed that chlorchinaldol inhibited LMBV replication in Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of 9.40 μM, while concurrently reducing viral titers and cytopathic effects (CPE). Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that chlorchinaldol does not directly disrupt LMBV virion integrity but interferes with viral adsorption to host cells and suppresses late-stage viral protein synthesis. Furthermore, chlorchinaldol exhibited both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy, significantly mitigating LMBV-induced cellular damage. In in vivo experiments, chlorchinaldol administration reduced viral loads in infected organs, ameliorated histopathological damage, upregulated immune-related gene expression, and markedly enhanced survival rates in LMBV-infected largemouth bass. Notably, chlorchinaldol also demonstrated potent anti-SGIV activity in EPC cells, with an IC 50 of 10.01 μM and suppression of viral titers and CPE. These findings collectively establish chlorchinaldol, a quinoline derivative, as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent with substantial potential for aquaculture applications.
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