A series of carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported bimetallic PtFe nanoparticles were synthesized and employed as catalysts for hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde in pure water. A synergy between water and bimetallic PtFe catalysts has allowed the efficiently selective production of cinnamyl alcohol. With the aid of water, an initial reaction rate of >1200 h −1 and a high selectivity of >97%, as well as a good cycling stability, were achieved with a Pt 3 Fe/CNT catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Isotopic labeling studies and theoretic calculation results demonstrated that the water-involved hydrogen-exchange pathway occurred with a lower energy barrier, which coexisted with the pathway of direct H 2 dissociation–hydrogenation. This work also suggested that water participated in the catalytic hydrogenation reaction by serving as a hydrogen-exchange bridge.
Ruthenium nanoparticles supported onto aluminum-doped mesoporous silica catalysts (Ru/Al–SBA-15) are fabricated using hydrothermal and impregnation methods for catalysis application. The Ru/Al–SBA-15-3 catalyst at a Si/Al molar ratio of 3 exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of p-phthalic acid with high conversion efficiency (100.0%) and cis-isomer selectivity (84.0%) in water. Moreover, this system displays exceptional stability and recyclability through preserving the conversion efficiency, as well as a cis-isomer selectivity of 90.2 and 83.3%, respectively, after reusing it fourteen times. Such an exceptional system can also be ideal for the hydrogenation of aromatic dicarboxylic acids and their ester derivatives in water. Strong Lewis acid sites due to doped Al species play significant roles in the hydrogenation reaction. Moreover, isotope labeling studies indicated that water molecules effectively participated in the hydrogenation reaction. Hydrogen and water contributed half of the hydrogen atoms for this hydrogenation reaction. In the end, a plausible mechanistic pathway for the hydrogenation of p-phthalic acid using the Ru/Al–SBA-15-3 catalyst in water is proposed.
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