Bioaccumulation and toxicity of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and metal in plants have been confirmed, however their contamination in soil and plants still requires extensive investigation. In this study the combined effects of chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether potassium sulfonate (F53B) and chromium (Cr) on water spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica Forsk ) were investigated. Compared with each single stress, the combination of F53B and Cr (VI) reduced the biomass and height and increasingly accumulated in the roots and destroyed the cell structure. Besides, the co-contamination led to the immobilization of F53B and Cr (VI) in soil, which affected their migration in soil and transfer to plants. The antioxidant response and photosynthesis of the plant weakened under the single Cr (VI) and enhanced under the single F53B treatment; however the contamination of F53B and Cr (VI) could also reduce this effect, as confirmed by the gene expression of MTa, psbA and psbcL genes. This study provides an evidence of the environmental risks resulting from the coexistence of F53B and Cr (VI).
Zefu Wang,Zhifei He,Dong Zhang,Xiaosi Chen,Hongjun Li
This study aimed to assess the protective effects of the main components of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. essential oil (ZBMEO) on the characteristics of rabbit meat myofibrillar protein (MP) under MDA (malondialdehyde) induced oxidation. The MP suspensions were mixed with various concentrations (5 mM, 25 mM and 50 mM) of linalool, limonene, sabinene under MDA-induced oxidation. The retained MDA contents were determined, and the thermal stability and structure of rabbit meat myofibrillar protein were analyzed. Linalool, limonene and sabinene can prevent MDA from binding to MP effectively. The addition of linalool, limonene and sabinene led to the increase in the sulfhydryl and free amine contents, and the decrease in the carbonyl content and surface hydrophobicity compared to control MP. Also, the addition had protective effects on maintaining the secondary structure and morphology of MP under MDA-induced oxidation. The Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that linalool, limonene, sabinene had an obvious protective effect on MHC and actin. The above results suggest that linalool, limonene and sabinene could reduce the oxidative damage of MDA to MP, which might have the potential in protecting the structure and physicochemical properties of the protein in foods .
In recent years, with the frequent global occurrence of harmful algal blooms, the use of plant allelopathy to control algal blooms has attracted special and wide attention. This study validates the possibility of turning water dropwort into a biological resource to inhibit the growth of harmfulMicrocystis aeruginosablooms via allelopathy. The results revealed that there were 33 types of allelopathic compounds in the water dropwort culture water, of which 15 were phenolic acids. Regarding water dropwort itself, 18 phenolic acids were discovered in all the organs of water dropwort via a targeted metabolomics analysis; they were found to be mainly synthesized in the leaves and then transported to the roots and then ultimately released into culture water where they inhibitedM. aeruginosagrowth. Next, three types of phenolic acids synthesized in water dropwort, i.e., benzoic, salicylic, and ferulic acids, were selected to clarify their inhibitory effects on the growth ofM. aeruginosaand their mechanism(s) of action. It was found that the inhibitory effect of phenolic acids on the growth ofM. aeruginosaincreased with the increase of the exposure concentration, although the algae cells were more sensitive to benzoic acid than to salicylic and ferulic acids. Further study indicated that the inhibitory effects of the three phenolic acids on the growth ofM. aeruginosawere largely due to the simultaneous action of reducing the number of cells, damaging the integrity of the cell membrane, inhibiting chlorophyll a (Chl-a) synthesis, decreasing the values ofF0andFv/Fm, and increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT) ofM. aeruginosa. Thus, the results of this study indicate that both culture water including the rich allelochemicals in water dropwort and biological algae inhibitors made from water dropwort could be used to control the growth of noxious algae in the future.Keywords:Microcystis aeruginosa;biological control;water dropwort;allelopathic metabolite;phenolic acids;cellular structure;photosynthesis;antioxidant enzyme
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